Advertising, through the ages has evolved to be a very powerful tool that can shape identities and personalities of consumers regardless of age, culture or sex

Advertising has, one way or another shaped my identity and personality. I also have to admit that because of my exposure to advertisement, I have achieved a certain status in my neighborhood.   I play basketball during my past time, and I became popular in town not only because of my skill but also because of the Nike shoes that I wear.Nike is the world's leading supplier of athletic shoes and apparel.  Ã‚   I first heard of Nike when I was a kid, in T.V commercials of former basketball player Michael Jordan promoting the shoes.Being an NBA fan and a basketball aficionado, the commercials intrigue me into trying out the shoes he is endorsing.   The moment I bought my pair of Nike shoes and paraded it in school, I saw my classmates in complete awe after seeing me wearing the shoes for the first time.   I was bombarded with questions like â€Å"how much does it cost† or â€Å"where it was bought.†Also, when I play basketball using the said shoes, I also earned ext ra attention from the people who are watching the game because of my footwear.Aside from that I can feel that I can do things that Jordan does (high flying dunks, higher jumping ability) just by wearing the shoes he endorsed, especially when dunking the ball from the free throw line which was made famous by Michael Jordan during the slam dunk contest (though I have not yet accomplished it).When comparing it to other shoes, I can see that Nike has the edge because of its dimensions.   I feel that the shoes are lighter than other brands as what Jordan swears it to be.   During a game of basketball, which usually requires frequent running, I can feel that the shoes’ weight does not affect my speed.Another important feature is the durability of the shoes, in which it can last for years even if I frequently use it during basketball games.  Ã‚   Buying shoes that can be damaged easily can cause discomfort and even injuries.   I also feel that buying another brand will compr omise quality and that I may acquire an injury if my shoes, for example is below the standards that of Nike. With proper care, Nike shoes can be your companion for life.With its features and other types (running shoes, tennis shoes), all sports enthusiast will, like me, be forever loyal to the brand.   I can say that whenever I am wearing Nike shoes, I feel that I am better than other people, especially when playing basketball.   The shoes give my self-esteem a boost.Advertising, in reality is designed to attract people into buying particular products. But these days, consumers are very wise with regards to spending their hard-earned money. An advertisement full of fluff is easily recognized by them.Consumers know what they want and are not easily convinced especially when an advertisement is just luring them into spending. To meet their standards, advertising also stepped-up into the next level. It has become more creative, truthful and warm.My relationship with my Nike shoes i s growing strong. Michael Jordan may have influenced this â€Å"fetish† of mine. But in the end, I can say that my loyalty is due to the reason that through time, I have come to prove the things they say in the ads. And because of this, I give my loyalty only to Nike shoes and only to it.ReferenceSage, Alexandria (June 26, 2008). â€Å"Nike profit up but shares tumble on U.S. concerns†. Reuters. http://uk.reuters.com/article/companyNews/idUKWNAS924120080626. Retrieved 2008-07-10.â€Å"Jordan and Wilkins Battle for Dunk Title†. NBA's Greatest Moments nba.com (website)http://www.nba.com/history/1988slamdunk_moments.html   

Indian Socks Essay

Trivial though usually looked upon, ‘Socks’ is definitely an important part of a person’s wardrobe. Still, since long the segment is not taken to be vital. Attributing towards negligence from policy makers and business developers for the sector kept unattended or least valued, Mr Rohit Pal, MD- Renfro India speaking exclusively for News team at fibre2fashion describes â€Å"This segment within clothing has never got its due respect for many years, but I think that outlook has to be changed, and to an extent it is changing now.† â€Å"Socks may not be playing major part as economy driver, but still if the segment is taken seriously it can earn good profits for players,† opines Mr Vineet Bhatia, Properitor of V K Knitting Industries. Mr Raj Kumar Jain, MD – Bonjour, bringing out the importance of sector, comments â€Å"Socks is a requirement of common men for everyday needs. It is estimated to be having over 3000 manufacturing units out of which 85% is in and around Delhi and its national capital regions. And out of this, over 95% business is unorganized and fragmented. I estimate it to be around Rs. 3000crs. Business.† According to Mr Pal’s estimates, Indian knitwear market size is more than Rs. 25000crs, and socks in region would be between around Rs. 600 to 700crs at both organized and unorganized retail end excluding wholesale. He accentuates, â€Å"I think that socks would turn as part of what I call accessorization and accessories adds as a vital sector under garmenting. I estimate it’s been of importance in growing at a very rapid pace around 10 to 25% annually. If it has not got its due importance in the past, it has now got a pace today and it is likely to grow.† Analyzing the impediments in the growth of this category, Mr Bhatia draws attention to lack of good technology in India on this front. He highlights, â€Å"I am interacting with many customers internationally. Overall, our line of players lags behind international competitors in technology. Otherwise, we have better opportunity in international market than in India. Export from India is not much as far as socks is concerned. But domestic market is good.† Mr Jain also notes that for the socks industry there is no training college which will help socks industry get groomed in India. Not a single institution is established to give any training on skills honing in this line. Even for operating machines both- hand operated and automated, training is essential in his view. Mr Ajit Lakra, president of Chamber of Knitwear and Textile Associations of Ludhiana, sees a very big scope for domestic consumption and exports of knitwear. He points up, â€Å"I believe knitwear sector has a big role to play and what is required to have is more good institutes for improving the skills at all levels.† 10% excise duty is a detrimental aspect for Socks sector too. Mr Bhatia expresses, â€Å"Socks is a low cost product and bearing 10% excise duty is justsinking our product. Already cotton prices in the entire year have increased too much and above that excise duty that too 10% is just a suicidal kind of a thing† â€Å"It is either you pay 10% on wholesale or you pay 6% on MRP whatever higher,† mentions Mr Pal.

Human life-span Essay

The answer in my own broad based opinion based on what I have read, is that the term, â€Å"Learning† is a cognitive process of acquiring new concepts and skills, in order to complete a task which in-turn increase’s knowledge and understanding of the subject area to be learnt. In addition, individuals will be able to build on past experiences to identify how a situation could be improved, and then with this knowledge make actual improvements. Furthermore, learning is influenced from the environment in which we find ourselves, which reflects greatly in our behaviour. Moreover, it is continuum throughout the human life-span. In comparison the term, â€Å"Development† refers to the biological process by which a human organism grows and functions through its life-span. Development can be monitored by physical growth, and a marked change in performance which is usually associated with progression of increasing knowledge and skills. Development happens gradually over a period of time, allowing achievements to be built upon and improved, which is similar to the learning process. Development seems to be sequential with age, and I believe what happens in the early stages of development can have a significant affect in the later stages of development. Furthermore, development can be influenced by our own personal experiences within the environment. It is important to understand that there is a clear difference between learning and development. Learning occurs within specific situations and development is linked to functionality and physical growth, however, they are closely related, but have separate meanings. Educational pioneer, Friedrich Froebel (1782-1852) urged early year’s educators to respect the sanctity of children learning and developing new skills through this statement: â€Å"We grant space and time to young plants and animals because we know that, in accordance with the laws that live in them, they will develop properly and grow well. Young animals and plants are given rest and arbitrary interference with their growth is avoided, because it is known that the opposite practice would disturb their pure unfolding and sound development; but the young human being is looked upon as a piece of wax or a lump of clay which man can mould into what he pleases,† (www. Geocities. com). The origins of learning theory are in an area of philosophy called â€Å"Epistemology,† a field concerned with how we acquire knowledge. Two philosophical traditions emerged from the writings of the ancient Greek philosophers, Plato and Aristotle. These traditions are nativism, (Plato) and empiricism, (Aristotle). In the early seventeenth century before the beginnings of modern Psychology, there was a philosophical debate between the empiricists and the nativists, known more commonly today as the nature-nurture debate. The nature-nurture debate is another example of determinism. The debate is concerned with what causes something to develop. On one side, nativists see development as arising from innate factors – from inherited characteristics. On the other side, empiricists see development occurring because of experience and learning. British philosopher John Locke, (1632-1704) the founder of empiricism, advanced the hypothesis that children learn primarily from external forces, he implied: â€Å"Without nurture, we are nothing† (Haralambos & Rice 2002, p. 761). Empiricists believed that the human infant is born with no skills or knowledge; they refer to the infant as a, â€Å"Tabula rasa,† or â€Å"Blank slate. † The rationale behind this idea is that the knowledge and skills will be, â€Å"Written on† the child by the knowledgeable hand of experience, and influenced by environmental factors. Furthermore, the infant will learn through instruction from others, in addition too their own direct experiences, which in-turn will determine their achievements. Nativists (such as Jean- Jacques Rousseau 1712- 1778) in contrast, argue that we are born with innate intelligence, in addition to genetic inheritance which determines intellectual achievement and, to some extent, personality. William Mcdougal, (Nativist- 1908) states: â€Å"The human mind has certain innate or inherited tendencies which are the essential springs or motive powers of all thought and action, whether individual or collective, and are the bases from which the character and will of individuals and of nations are gradually developed,† (Haralambos & Rice 2002, p.761). A modern form of the, (Nurture debate) relating to learning theory was proposed by B. F Skinner (1904-1990) in the form of behaviourism. The Behaviourists believed that human behaviour is learned. Behaviourism is primarily concerned with observable and measurable aspects of human behaviour, in relation to what we can see, how people react, in addition to how people behave. Behaviour theorists define learning as nothing more than an acquisition of new behaviour. Skinner’s theory is based on the idea that learning occurs through a process of reinforcement. He believes changes in behaviour are the result of an individual’s response to events, (stimuli) that occur in the environment. A response produces a consequence, for e. g. when children utter sounds and words which are to become their native language, and are greeted with a positive response. This positive response is the reinforcement which encourages the child to repeat the sound of the word, which in turn reinforces learning. Furthermore, behaviourists support the, Transmission Model of learning (Nurture) as the model uses the hand of experience, the knowledgeable adult to nurture the child through the learning process, enabling them to control what learning takes place. The Social Learning theory developed from behaviorism. Albert Bandura emphasizes the importance of observing and modeling the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others. Bandura, (1977) states: â€Å"Learning would be exceedingly laborious, not to mention hazardous, if people had to rely solely on the effects of their own actions to inform them what to do. â€Å"

Safe guarding vulnerable adults Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Safe guarding vulnerable adults - Essay Example However, such resources have complicated literature search, necessitating establishment of sophisticated search strategies. This essay focuses on the literature searching process undertaken to obtain literature for my presentation. The first search strategy applied in the study is the use of well-build clinical questions. In this context, well-built research questions are questions deduced from the research topic such that they respond to key issues that forms the topic (Affuso, Capello, & Fratesi, 2011). My presentation addressed safeguarding vulnerable adults. I used the topic to formulate research questions for the presentation. The main questions considered for the search included: What causes vulnerability among adults? What is the variation in terms of vulnerability across gender and social class? (Thacker, 2011). What is role of the federal government in caring for vulnerable adults? In addition, what are the impacts of pension among vulnerable adults? The four questions were used to locate relevant literature from clinical databases. In each case the journal article or literature, material was selected according to its response to a particular question. For example Antonio, Roberta & Ugo (2011), argues that globalization and liberal social systems contribute to neglect of old people. Thus, the article responds to the second question, which is concerned with vulnerability across different genders and social class. Cooke-Hubley & Maddalena (2011), advocates for counseling and medical support for the elderly and other vulnerable groups. The article provides a precise response to the question concerning the causes of vulnerability among the adult population. Lastly, Payne (2008) analyzes strategies that could be applied to safeguard adults at end life. The article provides a sufficient response to the questions related to the impacts of pension on the elderly population. The second literature search strategy utilizes Key Words. Key words are words and phras es that form the basis of a research question. The key word strategy is the most commonly used strategy particularly when using electronic databases such as BNI, Medline, CINAHL, and ASSIA. Key word defines the boundaries of a particular search and, hence simplifies the search (Harvard, 2007). While using this strategy I used the already constructed research questions (Davies, & Nolan, 2006). Each of the research question was broken down into key words and phrases for easy search. In a particular search operation, key words were combined using Boolean operators to yield required results. Synonyms for key words are also required to facilitate the search. The following key words were developed from the research topic Safeguarding, Conservation, Protection, Defense vulnerable, liable, disposed, prone, subjected, adults, aged, elderly, and weak (Work, 2009). A particular combination of the key words yielded the required resource. Moreover, truncation of words was carried out to facilita te the search. Word truncation involves finding the base of key words. The following words are the basis for key words used in the search safe, conserve, and vuln* The following table provides a sample chart used to explore â€Å"Safeguarding vulnerable adults† using key words. Safeguarding Conservation Protection Defense Vulnerable Liable Disposed Prone Subjected Adults Aged elderly The search can be

BUSINESS CASE STUDY Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

BUSINESS - Case Study Example Hence, this proposal is being submitted to the management of the company with the express purpose of convincing them to ramp up their online presence. The annual turnover of the book industry runs into billions of dollars and the leading retailers like Amazon, Borders, eBay etc have cornered the lion’s share of the market. This proposal seeks to present a case for an online book store that is modelled along the lines of Amazon and Fictionwise.com with the proposed online version selling physical book as well as e-books. The proposal also covers selling used books and customised books for a specific kind of reader software that is necessary to view and read e-books. The need for this project grew out of the business objectives that were proposed by the management namely that of increasing revenues without diversifying too much away from the core competency of selling books. This proposal is written in a business report format with the summary of the project, the alternative options, the timelines for the project and the expected benefits from the same. A final justification for the project is also provided in the concluding section of the paper. It is hoped that the management of Borders would consider this proposal and the project being considered for the stated objectives as enunciated by them. Borders is a well established book seller and retailer that commands a place in the Top Five book sellers in the United States. Worldwide, Borders has a significant footprint in the way in which it has franchisees and resellers who sell books procured from Borders. The project that is being proposed would involve setting up of the online bookstore that would cover the areas of selling books (physical), e-books and used books. These formats of books are already being sold by Borders with the exception of the e-books. Hence, the proposed project would entail additional costs of setting up the website and the warehouse to stock books along

Concentrated Solar Power Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Concentrated Solar Power - Essay Example The second chapter introduces us to possible solution to the problem stated in the introduction chapter. In the third chapter, various aspects of the solution are analyzed. In this case, the research has clearly explained justifications for using the solution outlined. The conclusion gives a summary of main ideas outlined in the research. In addition, various recommendations have been presented for potential advancement of this technology. We have analyzed various ways through which the lighting problem in the rural areas and other areas that are not connected to the grid can be lighted up. In addition, we have been focussing on the ways that can be adopted in order to in the installation scale down the electricity bills payable by consumers for the power supply. One of the main openings to providing a solution for the stated problems is to utilize the solar energy. It is important to note that every single household is always connected to the solar energy; since it is freely availab le as a gift of nature. This report investigates a power system used to generate electricity for powering domestic holdings, business and industries. The essay makes various recommendations for effective installation of solar panels to ensure that maximum power will be produced. In addition, this work provides technical skills for technicians involved in the installation. This research has been conducted with the aim of unmasking the potential that the solar energy possess if it was fully exploited.

Argument assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Argument assignment - Essay Example The system insists on the normality of homosexuality at this stage (Walker). In the second grade, children will be taught about the words to refer to homosexuals since calling them gay is seen as been impolite and spiteful (Walker). In the third grade, children will be taught about media presentation of gender. The system aims at making the impression that morals are not collective and will deconstruct the moral values that these children have already acquired. The fourth graders will learn about the equableness of both sexes in order to discredit notions that have been presented for decades by people. The move aims at acknowledging equality in talents, strengths, attributes and optimism in prospect lives (Walker). The system aims at presenting children with the realities of existence that is most denied to children by their relations. Montana Family Council together with the parents have expressed outrage at the system, arguing that children at kindergarten are not emotionally mature, to be taught sexual education. The system cannot be regarded appropriate at such an age since the children have miniature or no idea of the happenings in their sexual life. Therefore, it ought to be taught at an age when clear understanding is guaranteed. The author presents the idea that the system is not morally appropriate since most these children are not mature to comprehend the issues that the system addresses. Presentation of the idea that both sexes are equal in all aspects can be considered a logical fallacy since it can be proven to be

Government of the Peoples Republic of China Essay

Government of the Peoples Republic of China - Essay Example An assessment of how majority of the stakeholders (the Chinese living in the countryside) benefit from the economic growth of the PROC is essential to qualify the success of being a world power of the developing country. Therefore, a grasp of the policies is important for policies are statements on how the Chinese leadership grapples issues. Moreover, the timeline of this research is beginning from the crucial years of 1978-1979, the time when Maoist China became Dengist. The establishment of the PROC in 1949 heralded a victory for the proletariat's struggle. Many in this working class are farmers who were mostly concentrated in rural China. Hence, it is understandable that development of the agriculture sector and the rural areas remains a priority in a largely agricultural country. In the early years of the People's Republic, in which Mao Zedong was the leader, the principle of collective agriculture was the primary basis in settling policy incongruity. "Ideological imperatives ensured that under Mao, the underlying policy dilemma was resolved through the establishment of a collective agriculture" (Ash 2001, p. 91). Utilizing agriculture to gain surplus was an important element to industrialize, indeed, "the e"the essential developmental role of agriculture is to generate a surplus, albeit one that assumes various forms. A basic imperative is to produce a real surplus: of food, especially for industrial workers and their urban dependants; of raw materials for light industry; and of exports in order to earn foreign exchange" (Ash 2001, p. 77). Labour development was the most evident result and was parallel to agricultural and rural development in Maoist China. "In general, the process of agricultural collectivization was instrumental in providing an institutional framework that went some way toward maximizing rural employment opportunities, albeit at the expense of waste, inefficiency, and the concealment of large numbers of surplus farm laborers"(Ash 2001, p. 78). Mao's death in 1976 provided an avenue for the moderates led by Deng Xiaoping. Modernization of agriculture remained one of the four top agendas, though Deng opted to achieve this by gradually employing an open system. "The ultimate thrust of agricultural policy since 1978 has been to transform China's farm sector from a supply-orientated to a market-responsive, demand-oriented system" (Ash 2001, p. 83). Furthermore, some capitalist aspects were injected to policies in developing agriculture and rural sector under the brand of "Socialism with Chinese characteristics." "In ancillary farming activities (research, irrigation, crop spraying, processing) there does exist considerable potential to realize scale economies and secure the benefits of cooperation. Typically, capitalist agriculture is characterized by the use of small manpower units devoted to the main farm tasks, combined with a significant degree of cooperation in such activities. Farm policy in China during the post-Mao period has increasingly sought to provide institutions that would preserve these valuable aspects of

Banks Deal with Document not with Goods, Services or Performance to Essay

Banks Deal with Document not with Goods, Services or Performance to Which the Documents May Relate - Essay Example Bank regulations are just examples of the commercial laws that have received a considerable amount of attention in recent times (Grath, 2012, P. 124). These regulations are often established to ensure transparency between banks and individual clients and among the banks themselves. That is, banking regulations subject banks and their clients to certain guidelines and restrictions in the manner in which they conduct their businesses. The necessity of banking regulation, control and standardisation is emphasized by the interconnection the banking industry has with the other sectors of the economy. Banking regulations thus serve to lower or alleviate the risks that banks are exposed to and any disruptions and interruptions emanating from adverse economic and banking conditions (Grath, 2012, p. 45). Additionally, bank regulation reduces the criminal risks to which banks are exposed besides promoting and ensuring the confidentiality of banks (Miller & Gaylord, 2010, P. 46). This paper exp lores the statement that banks deal with document not with goods, services or performance to which the documents may relate, as stated in Article 5 of the UCP 600. This statement is explored in regard to the Letters of credit principles of autonomy, compliance principle and fraud, citing several case laws. The Letter of Credit and the UCP The importance of the letter of credit to the current commercial society is evidenced by the numerous rules established to regulate and control its use. Among these rules that regulate transactions involving the letter of credit is the UCP 600 (The 2007 Revision of Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits), prepared by International Chamber of Commerce’s (ICC) Commission on Banking Technique and Practice. The UCP 600 was approved by the ICC Commission on Banking Technique and Practice on October 25, 2006 but the rules became effective on July 1, 2007. The two unique articles included in the UCP 600 are Article 2 on â€Å"Definit ions† and Article 3 on â€Å"Interpretations†, both aiming at improved clarity and precision in the rules. Prior to the 2007 version of the UCP, earlier versions appeared in 1933, 1951, 1962, 1974, 1983 and 1993. The prominence of UCP is evidenced in the current commercial environment by the many credit letters that are subjected to the latest version of UCP, UCP 600. Therefore, the credit letter is one of the many documents which banks deal with, instead of focusing on the use or performances with which the documents relate (Gutteridge & Megrah, 1985, P. 25). That a bank should deal with documents and not the use or performance to which these documents relate is statement contained in the Uniform Customs and Practices for Documentary Credits (the UCP), a set of rules targeting documentary credits in circumstance in which a credit is specifically indicated to be subject to the rules (Baker & Dolan, 2008, P. 93). The current version of the UCP rules, in use since July 20 07, is referred to as UCP 600. The basic principle of documentary credit that outstands in Article 5 of the UCP is that ‘banks deal with documents and not with goods, services or performance to which the documents may relate, a statement reinforced by Article 14(h), which states that in situations in which a credit is attached to conditions that do not stipulate the documents for compliance to the condition, banks have the latitude to consider

Integrated pest management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Integrated pest management - Assignment Example IPM makes use of the information about the interaction of pests with their environment as well as their life cycles. The information obtained about the life cycle of a given pest and how it relates with its surroundings is integrated with common pest control approaches to achieve an economical pest control approach that is friendly to both the environment and human life (Radcliffe, Hutchison & Cancelado, 2008). Grains are the main food for pigeons and people will usually feed pigeons unknowingly by spilling food or grains inside or around grocery stores. These pests usually roost in high areas and often nest in steeples and vents within buildings as well as any other protected region. An integrated pest management plan provides four fundamental stages for effectively controlling pigeon infestation of grocery store. Based on IPM pest management approach, a person will set an action threshold, monitor and identify pests, install prevention, and implement control measures if the prevention technique fails (Koul, Cuperus & C.A.B. International, 2007). Pigeons can cause damage and disease through droppings, which can cause human injuries through slips and fall and also increase the rate at which grain structures wear out. An economic danger becomes evident where one observes vast quantity of droppings, flocks of pigeons within or around the store. After identifying the economic threat in annual infestation by pigeons, the owner of the store can thus implement prevention measures to discourage the pigeons from coming back to the store. The owner of the store should work on making roosting as well as nesting areas for pigeons inhospitable. The store owner can fill the vents or voids from which the pigeons access the store. He or she can make comfortable pigeon resting areas stay in a slanting position so that they have difficult time perching on them. Also, balloons and scarecrows, including

Career Exploration Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Career Exploration Project - Essay Example In this light, the purpose of this report is to take up informational interview with two key employees of Hilton Group to explore the dynamics that are required for survival in hospitality sector. Mr. Walter Jones works as a supervisor for the hotel for three departments mainly front-desk manager, food and beverage and customer complaint and the Mr. Alex Jordan works in developing the customer relationships. This research is a primary one that will be further used for my own personal development in the professional environment. The interviews have occurred over telephone. I had to obtain the permission of the respondents before conducting the interview and this was done by e-mailing them in advance. The timing of the phone call was discussed over e-mails with the consent of the respondents. The findings from the interview are presented below. Mr. Walter Jones has worked with the Hilton Group for the past six years and he acts as a supervisor of three key areas namely front office, food and beverages delivery and resolution of customer complaints. Three most important skills have come up in the conversation with Mr. Walter Jones, namely, communication, problem solving and self-management skills. He explained that most importantly it is mandatory to manage one-self before managing others. He said that resolution of customer complaints requires having excellent communication skills. These finding is consistent with the findings of Mallinson and Weiler (2000 cited in Barron 78) who had also found that communication is most important requirement of supervisors. Problem-solving has also featured in their works. Mr. Whitman has also added that the organization has also been trying to improve its customer service experience for which it has encouraged every employee to take up computer learning skills. Mr. Whitman informed that he has recently learned internal computer software that makes his job easier. The

King Arthur Literary Analysis Essay Example for Free

King Arthur Literary Analysis Essay The name King Arthur appears throughout a countless amount of literature, stories, cinema, and legend. King Arthur has always been a long-standing icon of heroism, and heroism is a theme mankind takes pleasure in romanticizing. Arthurian Romance is the classic example of good versus evil, knights in shining armor, forbidden love, and sorcery; the basic elements of a romanticized tale. And in a dark time where religion clashed, empires fought in epic battles, and the people of Britain suffered from poverty and disease, Arthurian legend was needed to lift the spirits of the hopeless. Arthurian Romance is an accurate portrayal of the time period better known as the Medieval Ages because it takes the woes and misfortunate events of that time and twists them into a heroic soap opera full of love, tragedy, and triumph. The Medieval Ages began around 476 AD, when the Roman emperor of the West abdicated. The period ends in the late fifteenth century with the discovery of the New World. During this period, different nations conquered and collapsed, society changed, and religion was further divided. During the Middle Ages, the Holy Roman Empire had begun an effort to occupy Britain. They wanted to drive out the Anglo-Saxons and convert the Pagans to Catholicism. A long lasting relic of Roman involvement in Britain is Hadrian’s Wall, which was a heavily fortified wall running west to east and was probably used to keep barbarian tribes out and regulate trade and passage into Romano-Britain territory. Along with military involvement, Rome also spread Catholicism to a Pagan Britain. Catholicism involves a hierarchy of religious leaders, with the Pope at the top. There are also bishops, priests, monks, and nuns who are apart of the clergy. Other than the clergy, Medieval society was composed of nobles, knights and serfs. Nobles commonly owned fiefs, an estate of land, and the serfs who worked there. Knights were employed to guard the fief and fight wars with other nobles. This was called Feudalism. When nobles declared a war on each other, many different warfare tactics were used to take down castles. Siege warfare was common, in which scaling ladders, battering rams, siege towers and catapults were utilized in order to enter a fortress. Infantry included archers and cavalry, and there was a broad assortment of weapons used; daggers, long swords, crossbows, throwing axes, clubs, maces, halberds, lances, and many more. While knights commonly fought for a noble or king, a group of fearsome knights known as the Templar Knights fought in the crusades for religious conquest. The Templar Knights are associated with King Arthur’s quest for the Holy Grail, and some of the knights of the round table are portrayed wearing a large red cross on their breastplate (which is the symbol of the Templar Knights). Knights were also involved with jousting. Jousting was a martial game between two knights mounted on horses and using lances. This was often part of a chivalrous tournament or used as a military tactic of heavily armed cavalry. Knights and nobles also were encompassed in courtly love, a conception of nobly and chivalrously expressing love and admiration. Courtly love often did not take place between a husband and wife. Instead, a man would shower another woman in gifts and symbols of his love to her and they would keep their affair secret. A famous example of courtly love is the affair between Lancelot du Lac and Queen Guinevere. The Middle Ages had many lows. Many people associate these times with the Black Plague or the Bubonic Plague. When the Mongols from the east attacked Europe, they brought with them a terrible disease that wiped out about 138 million people. Also during the Middle Ages, there was decrease in scholarly thinking and the quality of art. Religion is blamed for stunting the growth of new ideas and inventions. In fact, religion is the overlying cause for many of the events of the Medieval Ages. The greatest dispute over religion was the East-West Schism that split Christianity into the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. This split was born from disputes over whether the Pope could marry and iconoclasm (similar to worshipping false idols) and the use of local languages in church. They were even in dispute regarding the nature of God. The Crusades were another religious dispute. The Crusades were military campaigns undertaken by European Christians of the eleventh through the fourteenth centuries to take other the Holy Land and convert Muslims to Christianity. The First Crusade was a response to the Seljuk Turks conquering the â€Å"Holy Land† (present-day Israel and Palestine). However, most of these conquests were failures and achieved nothing except for interactions with the Arab world (in both beneficial and devastating ways). Lastly, there was the Inquisition. This was a formalized interrogation and persecution process of heretics (including satanic or witch-like behavior). Punishment for people suspected of heresy was torture and execution. The Church in the Middle Ages is clearly an influential factor of these times. The Medieval Ages also saw quite a bit of political changes. The Carolingian, established by Charles Martel, ruled present-day France, Belgium, Germany and Northern Italy. His grandson, Charlemagne established the Holy Roman Empire. In the North, Vikings and other Scandinavian became notorious for raiding Roman Catholic monasteries. In France, Vikings were referred to as Normans. They conquered Anglo-Saxon England in 1066. As mentioned before, Feudalism was the social, political, and economic system of the Middle Ages. England became a feudalistic society because there was not a unifying force bringing the people together. Many claims to the throne of all Britain were made, which is actually the premise of the King Arthur legend. Nobles and Kings owned land and had armies of Knights who pledged a code of chivalry to them. This was an honor system that strongly condemned betrayal and promoted mutual respect. In the Feudal society, only males could inherit the land. The land was passed down through primogeniture (to the eldest son). Noblewomen had limited rights. They could sometimes inherit fiefs but could not rule it. Noblewomen were only educated in domestic skills and were supposed to display feminine traits such as compassion and beauty. Peasants, male or female, had almost no rights. They couldn’t leave the manor without the permission of their lord. Over time, serfs (peasants) developed skills other than farming and slowly created a middle class that led Europe into the Renaissance. In the long run, all of these characteristics of the Medieval Ages are incorporated in the vast collection of Arthurian Romance. In the 1975 King Arthur Parody â€Å"Monty Python and The Holy Grail†, there is a scene that describes Arthur quite perfectly. In the scene, Arthur is traveling in a Feudal manor and comes across peasants working in a field outside of a castle. He asks a woman, â€Å"I am Arthur, King of the Britons. Whose castle is that? † The peasant woman looks up and asks, â€Å"King of the who? † Arthur repeats himself to which she replies, â€Å"Who are the Britons? † Arthur, stumped by her ignorance, tells her, â€Å"Well, we all are. We’re all Britons and I am your king. † The peasant woman shrugs and says, â€Å"I didn’t know we had a king. I thought we were an autonomous collective! † They argue about this for a moment and then the woman asked, â€Å"Well, how did you become king then? † Arthur dramatically respond with, â€Å"The Lady of the Lake, her arm clad in the purest shimmering samite, held aloft Excalibur from the bosom of the water signifying by Divine Providence that I, Arthur, was to carry Excalibur. That is why I am your king! † Another peasant nearby shouts, â€Å"Listen strange women lying in ponds distributing swords is no basis for a system of government. Supreme executive power derives from a mandate from the masses, not from some farcical aquatic ceremony! † The meaning of the scene is that at the time King Arthur was created as a legend to legitimize the unifying king of Britain that would pull the people out of the Dark Ages. The punch line is that the land was so divided from feudalism and nobles trying to claim a non-existent throne that no one really took anyone seriously. However, Arthurian Romance became the bedtime story born out of the fantastical notion that Britain could be amalgamated into a strong empire. But let’s start at the beginning of the Arthurian legend. In most legends, Uther Pendragon is portrayed as Arthur’s father and Igraine as his mother. In Sir Thomas Malory’s The Crowning of King Arthur, the prophet Merlin helps a love-stricken Uther get with Igraine for a night. Arthur is born, but part of the agreement with Merlin was to have Arthur raised by another. Many years pass in which Arthur does not know his own nobility until he by chance, pulls the famous sword in the stone (the legend goes: â€Å"Who so Pulleth Out This Sword of this Stone and Anvil, is Rightwise King Born of all England. † (Malory, 1069)). Young Arthur accepts his role as King and unites Britain, defeats the Saxons, and establishes Camelot. In the first fictional story of Arthur’s life (Historia Regum Britanniae (History of the kings of Britain) by Geoffrey of Monmouth), Arthur is placed into a post-Roman Britain. Geoffrey uses the same fable of Arthur’s birth through the deception of Igraine. In this legend, Arthur also defeats the Saxons but he also expands his empire to Norway, Denmark and Gaul, and defeats Roman armies in order to do this. In the end, Arthur returns to Britain to defeat his nephew Modredus (Mordred) who was left in charge of Britain but betrayed Arthur. Arthur is mortally wounded, taken to Avalon and it is implied he passed away. Arthurian legend, however, is not only about Arthur. There are many huge characters in the stories. One widely known knight is Sir Lancelot du Lac. Lancelot is a tragic figure in Arthurian Romance. He was a Knight of the Round Table and one of King Arthur’s closest friends. His tragedy is that he was in love with Arthur’s wife, Guinevere. Lancelot was the son of the King Ban on Benwick and Elaine, but he was raised by the Lady of the Lake (â€Å"du lac† actually means â€Å"the lake†). The Lady of the Lake sent Lancelot off to become a Knight of the Round Table. In doing so, he meets and instantly falls in love with Guinevere. Their affair ultimately proves to be destructive. Lancelot is actually tricked by Elaine of Corbenic and sleeps with her, thinking it is Guinevere. When Guinevere hears of this, she is repulsed and banishes Lancelot. Later, Lancelot returns to assist Arthur in the quest for the Holy Grail. Other characters in Arthurian legend are Merlin and Morgaine. Merlin is sometimes a prophet, sometimes a magician, and always an advisor to King Arthur. Merlin’s earliest character depiction was as a bard driven mad by the terrors of war, who become a â€Å"man of the woods†. However, Geoffrey of Monmouth based his Merlin on Myrddin Wyllt (a prophet and a madman) and Aurelius Ambrosius (a fictional version of the historical war leader Ambrosius Aurelianus. Morgaine (also Morgan le Fay) is a sorceress in Arthurian legend. She is the half-sister of Arthur and the daughter of Igraine. In both The Mists of Avalon (Marion Zimmer Bradley) and The Vulgate Cycle (13th century French prose) tell of how Morgaine lives in Avalon (mystical island in Arthurian legend) and trains under Merlin and the Lady of the Lake. Again in the Mists of Avalon, Morgaine is credited with having an unknown affair with Arthur. She gives birth to Mordred, who, in the end, turns out to be the enemy and murderer of King Arthur. In Arthurian Romance, King Arthur’s court is called Camelot. Camelot is where the Knights of the Round Table dwell and it is described as being a utopian land of beauty and peace. Throughout literature, Camelot has been located in many different areas of Britain, giving it no grounded location. An easy way to understand the basic ideology of Camelot, one can compare the presidency of John F.  Kennedy to the term Camelot. His presidency was regarded as a guarantee for a successful future, just like King Arthur gave Britain hope and unification. Kennedy’s assassination is like the fall of Arthur in that both had short lasting but wonderful terms in power that set the bar high for the future. Ultimately, these characters and concepts stem from Medieval life and paint a portrait of what the goals of Middle Age rulers wanted for society at the time. All Arthurian Romance contains the same specific elements: enchantment, quest, conquest, heroic behavior, utopian society, fatal passion and love. These elements, applied with Medieval life and history, equals a solid Arthurian story. The best example of all of these elements is The Crowning of Arthur from Le Morte d’Arthur (Malory, 1065). In the story, Arthur is conceived through the enchantment Merlin uses on Igraine to trick her into thinking Uther Pendragon is her husband, the Duke. Uther, who is fatally in love with Igraine, makes a deal with Merlin in that he will give the child he and Igraine produce to the wizard. Baby Arthur is taken away and grows up with Sir Ector, whom he grows to love as a father. The next part of the story is about the sword in the stone. In the story, â€Å"many of the nobles tried to pull the sword out the stone† (1069), but failed. When Arthur is sent to find Sir Kay (Ector’s son) a sword, he unknowing grabs the legendary sword from the stone and tugs it free without any effort. When Arthur comes back with the famous sword, everyone is in awe and asks him to demonstrate for them that he really pulled it. To their surprise, it is true. They ask Arthur to assume the role of king and he agrees, establishing the utopian court of Camelot. Le Morte d’Arthur is â€Å"the carefully constructed myth of the rise and fall of a powerful kingdom — a legendary kingdom, but perhaps also, obliquely, the real English kingdom which in Malorys day seemed as surely doomed by its own corruption as the ancient realm of King Arthur† (Cliffs Notes). What this means is that Arthur’s court reflects the realistic courts of actual kings because it eventually falls. The Crowning of Arthur seems naive in that a boy who just so happens to pull a sword from a stone makes him king. In the end, his kingdom falls. Crowning only sets it up. The outcome of the Arthurian Legend is quite similar to the reality of kingdoms in England of the Middle Ages, which proves Arthurian Romance is an accurate portrayal. Another story from Le Morte d’Arthur is called Sir Launcelot du Lake. It is a hectic story about Lancelot’s adventure, kidnapping, and battles with enemy knights. In the story, Lancelot decides he is fed up with his ennui and decides to go out with his nephew, Sir Lyonel. Possibly due to enchantment, Lancelot declares, â€Å"not for seven years have I felt so sleepy† (1074) and he lies down for a nap. When he awakes, he realizes three women have kidnapped him. They tell him he has to pick one of them or face his doom. Lancelot picks his death because his is loyal to his lover, Guinevere. Later, the daughter of King Badgemagus rescues him and in return he gives his services to the king. At the end of the story, Lancelot fights off Kind Badgemagus’ enemies. He displays incredible and fictitious strength when he â€Å"took another spear and unhorsed sixteen more men†¦ King of North Galys’ knight and, with his next, unhorsed another twelve† (1078). This story demonstrates chivalry and heroism, and exaggerates Lancelot’s abilities to fight. Literary critic Charles Moorman says â€Å"much of the Morte d’Arthur is thus concerned with revealing the corrupt reality beneath the fair chivalric surface. † However, Sir Launcelot du Lake contradicts that assumption by merely telling a simple story of a great knight who is loyal to his higher-up and to his lady. The story makes the knights of the Medieval Ages appear to bask in honor, goodness and strength. And in a way, they did in real life. Knights did have a strict code of chivalry as well as total loyalty to their nobles and their lovers. Again, this story gives merit to the fact Arthurian legend portrays Medieval society. The poem The Lady of Shalott by Alfred Lord Tennyson is loose depiction of Arthurian Legend. In the poem, a woman is cursed to live in a tower and watch the world of Camelot from a mirror. â€Å"And moving through a mirror clear; That hangs before her all the year; Shadows of a world appear; There she sees the highway near; Winding down to Camelot† (verses 46 through 50). Then one day she sees Sir Lancelot riding in all his beauty and loveliness, and she decides she wants to leave the tower. The Lady of Shalott â€Å"left the web† (109) and gets into a boat. Unfortunately, she dies and floats on down to Camelot. Muriel Mellown says â€Å"she has chosen contact with Camelot, even at the price of her own destruction. † This quote illustrates that Camelot seemed like such a perfect utopian world that everyone sought its perfection and illustriousness. However, the Lady of Shalott kicks the bucket, similar to the way Camelot eventually falls. All good things never last. Lastly, a more modern and feminist take of Arthurian legend is The Mists of Avalon by Marion Zimmer Bradley. In Mists, the story of Arthur is told through the worlds of Morgaine, Arthur’s half-sister. In the excerpt read in class, Morgaine and Arthur are children neglected by their parents. Morgaine realizes her role to be Arthur’s protector, even though she feels disdain towards the child at first. When she says, â€Å"Mother’s gone, she’s with the king, but I’ll take care of you, brother,† (1085), Morgaine displays a bond of love towards her little brother. Morgaine is also depicted as a strong feminine character in both this scene and the entire story. Although â€Å"this book†¦ wasn’t so much a retelling of the Arthurian legend but only a bunch of Arthurian characters sitting around arguing about Christianity and Paganism,† (LaShawn), â€Å"Morgaine’s depiction as a powerful, savvy woman shows her to be the type of woman the feminists would champion as a prime example of what women should aspire to be, in spite of the biases still in place against them† (Ellis). Mists shines a new light and a new perspective on the events of the Medieval Ages, specifically the disputes of religion. It also represents how women did have influence over what happened in the kingdoms. In real life, noblewomen did have influence over the decisions their husbands made, though not legally. The Mists of Avalon yet again portrays a factor of the Medieval Ages. When push comes to shove, Arthurian Romance generally is regarded as a tall tale of a lost era. However, the tales depict a clear portrait of Medieval Life. Tragedy, honor, fatal passion and quest all dwell in the Middle Ages and Arthurian Romance. The characters of Arthurian Romance experience the tragedy of life like real life people and Camelot ends up failing, just like many of the empires and kingdoms of the world. The stories represent the dark times of the Medieval Ages and show that nothing is perfect. Therefore, Arthurian Romance is an accurate portrayal of the Medieval Ages.

Contrast Womens Position In The Mauritian Sociology Essay

Contrast Womens Position In The Mauritian Sociology Essay There has been a marked change for the better in our overall approach towards the women in Mauritius. Gone are the days when their place was considered to be behind the four walls of the house and their only job was confined to looking after the household affairs. But now they can be seen working shoulder to shoulder with men in every sphere of life. This is undoubtedly a good sign and an indication of their emancipation. It is a known fact that women have played an active role in the economic development of Mauritius since its independence in 1968. In the period 1983-2001 the number of women in full-time employment rose by 81 per cent, from 93,000 to 168,700. Women now represent 51 per cent of the population (608,458 out of a total population of 1,205,665) and 35 per cent of the labour force (186,400 out of 538,500). The share of women in total employment stands at 34 per cent in 2001, up from 23 per cent in 1972. As in most developing countries, womens increased economic importance has been the result of a gradual process of change and not an explicit policy focus. But it is important to stress that since ratifying the UN Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women in 1984, the Mauritian Government has undertaken a number of significant legal reforms to remove all instances of discrimination against women in Mauritian law. However, while the economic empowerment of women has known significant progress over the decades, there is still a long way to go to raise their standard of living to be at par with that of their male counterparts in the work sector. Women in the Mauritians public and private sector Women still have to strive to be at the same level of their male counterparts in the Mauritian public and private work sector. According to Central Statistical Office, employment in the General Government Sector decreased by about 500 from 74 300 (52,100 males, 22,200 females) in March 2006 to about 73 800 (51 200 males, 22 600 females) in March 2007. Three out of four persons employed in General Government were males. Male workers were predominant in all activity groups, except in Real estate, renting and business services where the female employees accounted for 66 percent of the total employment in the activity. It is to be noted that female employment in Public administration and defence; compulsory social security, Education and Health and social work together accounted for around 96 percent of total female employment in General Government. Employment by Ministry/Department and gender in the General Government, March 2007 Government Services Male Female Total Budgetary Central Government 37 367 16 975 54 342 Office of the President, Judicial and National Assembly 503 245 748 Prime Ministers Office 12 465 1,033 13 498 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International Trade 157 169 326 Ministry of Agro Industry and Fisheries 220 242 462 Ministry of Education, Culture and Human Resources 5765 5811 11576 Ministry of Labour, Industrial Relations and Employment 276 233 509 This table show that the majority of public jobs are being allocated to males rather than their females counterparts, hence, perpetuating the notion of gender inequality in the public work sector. In the private arena too, the scene is more or less the same. Men are the more preferred employees and dominate almost all the spheres of work. Occupation-wise, women are largely confined to low level, low paid jobs, such as machine operators in the EPZ enterprises, clerk, typists and shop assistants. Nearly 60 per cent of women work in the manufacturing sector, of whom 91 per cent in the textile factories. 75,000 employees in the private sector earn less than Rs 5000. 75 per cent of them are women. Only 14 per cent (or one in seven) of women in full-time paid employment in the private sector hold senior management or professional posts. Despite the positive developments that had taken place in Mauritius in this modern era with respect to the increase in womens employment, the promotion of their human rights and their economic independence, this inequality between man and woman in the labour force still insists although we are all now talking about combating gender inequality. For example women are more likely to be employed in jobs like sales girls, clerks, assistant, speakers, whereas on the other hand, jobs with big positions and which require leadership skills such as ministers, managers, engineers, doctors, lawyers are mostly reserved for men. Why is it so? The statistics are showing us that girls are outperforming boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education. How come they are not allocated the big post public or private jobs in the country. This is the question that renders us perplexed. Women continue to aspire for leadership positions in all spheres of governance in both the public and private sector. H owever it has not been easy we can say. Historically, leadership has carried the notion of masculinity and the belief that men make better leaders than women is still common today. Although the number of female leaders has increased, they are often named as an afterthought. This belief that men lead and women follow is so impregnated in the Mauritian mind that the second sex though intelligent are being deprived of many facilities in the workforce. They are not treated fairly as their male counterparts in the work setting. Despite efforts made to ensure that female representation is achieved at all levels of governance, women are still underrepresented in many government and non-government organizations particularly in positions of power and leadership (de la Rey, 2005). From statistics presented by Sadie (2005) on the Southern African Development Community (SADC) parliamentary structures, it is evident that the target of 30% representation by women in political and decision-making structures of member states was not met, except in South Africa and Mozambique. For instance, by 2004 the proportion of women in parliament was 15.4% in Angola, 15.9% in Botswana, 12% in Lesotho, 14.4% in Malawi, 17.14% in Mauritius, 25% in Namibia, and while South Africa and Mozambique had 32.8% and 37.2% respectively. Great strides have been made in the political realm, and womens participation in both the freedom struggles and democratic processes of many African countries including Mauritius have been notable. However, this participation has not always translated into equal representation in political leadership positions. Once elections are conducted, and positions are assigned, one realizes that women are no longer visible, thus, we can notice that in politics, women have been marginalized because men monopolize the decision making structures and are in the majority. Moreover, in education and academic circles too, the picture is more distressing especially if one looks at higher education. One would expect that things would change faster in this environment. After all, as Carleene Dei (2006) observed, universities are traditionally viewed as centres of free thought, change and human development. But leadership in higher education is still a mans world and universities are male dominated institutions. Men also dominated positions at professorial and senior lecturer positions. It is therefore quite evident that men dominate the governance and management levels of higher education institutions. Consequently, men have the decision-making power and authority regarding strategic direction, and allocation of resources. Various factors are at work in limiting womens potential to aspire to positions of leadership both in the public and private sector. Sadie (2005) advanced the argument that women face the patriarchal system where decision making powers are in the hands of males. Despite womens education and entry into the job market, the womans role is typically one of homemaker. The man, on the other hand, is bread winner, head of household and has a right to public life .Confining womens identity to the domestic sphere is one of the barriers to womens entry into politics. The media too has a major part in influencing and perpetuating the second sex as being inferior. For example, they always portray women to be sensitive, calm, caring, looking after children and men as being assertive, courageous, and valiant. Thus, it is not surprising to see men dominating the work arena. The table below shows that all types of public and private jobs are mostly suited to men rather than female. Women dominate in the clerical sector only. Employment by occupational group and sex, 2009 However, despite inequality prevailing, there are some women who were able to transcend cultural barriers, stereotypes and rise to positions of leadership (whether in politics or elsewhere), such as Margaret Thatcher, Sonia Gandhi, Julia Gillard. But these are exceptions and exceptions do not make the rule! In fact, it has been argued that women themselves are often reluctant to run for public positions and this is partly attributed to cultural prohibitions on women speaking in public or going to public places. Political campaigning for instance, requires that one travel extensively, spend nights away from home, go into bars, and for women it means meeting men. Women who struggle for public office have to consider the risk of being labelled loose or unfit as mothers and wives, and being socially stigmatized. Such considerations make many women shy away from politics, and positions that put them in the public eye. Furthermore, in other public and private arenas also, womens access to leadership positions has been hindered by discrimination and stereotyping. Women are more or less persecuted for seeking an executive position. This is largely due to societys attitude toward appropriate male and female roles. Women have to face the sticky floor, preventing them to get access to the high position jobs. In fact, the recruitment processing itself is discriminating women. For instance, in the private sector, the manager will choose a married man employer rather than a married woman in the recruitment process. Since they all have the prejudices that women can fall pregnant at anytime, they will have to take maternity leaves, thus, hampering the productivity of the company during their absences. Therefore, with a male worker, there is no such problem. Hence, men are more favoured and are more likely to be recruited. Comparison of salary in the public v/s private sector If the public service, decrying those at the top of the wage scale are worse off compared to the private sector, in the private sector, it insists that the preservation of jobs is more important than salary increases that might putting the company at risk. In the private sector, employees whether men or women are better paid than in the public sphere. The table below shows this evidence. Its source is from MEF. Types of jobs Public sector Private sector Receptionist / Telephonist Between Rs 8400 and Rs 16000 Between Rs 5,000 and Rs 28,210 Human Resource Officer Between Rs 17,200 and Rs 26,400 Between Rs 15,358 and Rs 41,420 Secretary Between Rs 9600 and Rs 21400 Between Rs 10,167 and Rs 29,434 Human resource manager Between Rs31,250 and Rs 45,000 Between Rs 35,000 and Rs 94,600 Civil Engineering Between Rs 22,000 and Rs 45,000 Between Rs 20,375 and Rs 65,300 General worker Between Rs 6,425 and Rs 10,200 Between Rs 6,205 and Rs 18,300 Conclusion and Recommendation Women continue to enter the workplace in increasing numbers in all developed countries. Several factors account for this trend. An increasing number of economies have become industrialized, the service sector has grown opening up positions for women, and growth in public and not-for profit sectors have created new opportunities for women. However, the pace of advancement for women in the top position jobs continues to be slow and uneven in different countries and cultures. Women still cannot crack the marble ceiling and are thus at a disadvantage despite they possess lots of skills and aptitudes. Educational institutions can help by teaching the equality of the sexes through lessons. Further, the family too should not be biased and give the same kind of upbringing to the sons and daughters. Boys should be made to help in the domestic chores as much as the girls. The mass media should also project the picture of the women as an equal with the same desires, ambitions and intelligence. True liberation of women is possible only when our overall attitude is changed!

Barack Obama, Dreams From My Father

Barack Obama, Dreams From My Father Barack Obama in his first book Dreams from my Father A story of Race and Inheritance takes his readers to a beautifully crafted journey of self-discovery. His first book was published over a decade ago and is recently re-published by Random House. It is a compelling story of not only race and culture inheritance but also of personal growth, human experience, life lessons and human nature. Obama tells his fantastic life story in a very thoughtful and reflective way. I feel this is a story of a very wisely examined life. The fact that readers, regardless of social background, cultural heritage or skin colour could find themselves in the story reminds me that as human beings as well we all share plenty of similarities and differences. About a few months ago in a very strange incident when the Republican presidential and vice presidential candidates stood on stages around the nation asking who was Barack Obama? They had a very easy access to their own question if they would have read Dreams from my father. If they would have read the story they wouldnt have enough knowledge about the man who would serve as 44th president of the country but more about themselves as well. THE STORY The autobiography tells the story of the life of Barack Obama up to his admission in the Harvard Law School. He was born in Honolulu, Hawaii to Barack Obama Sr. Of Kenya, a black African and Ann Dunham of Wichita, Kansas, a white American, who met as students at the University of Hawaii at Minoa. Obamas parents separated from each other and got divorced in 1964, when Obama was just two years old, and the reason behind the divorce was Obamas father went to Harvard to pursue his PhD but did not have money to take his family with him. Obamas father later on returned to Africa to fulfil his promise to the continent. A kid without his father, Obama formed an imaginary image of his absent father from the stories told by his mother and his grandparents. He could see his father one more time in 1971 when Sr. Obama had come to Hawaii for a month long official visit, without knowing death could be just a few away. Obamas father died in a car accident after 11 years in 1982. After the divorce Obamas mother remarried to Lolo Soetro an East-West Centre student from Indonesia, and then moved to Jakarta. When Obama was just ten years, he returned to Hawaii to get better educational opportunities available in Hawaii, under the care of his grandparents and later his mother. He was enrolled at Punahou School, a private college-preparatory school, in fifth grade where he was on of the only six black students at the mostly white school. Obama attended the school from the 5th grade until his graduation in 1979. Obama in his writes For my grandparents, my admission into Punahou Academy heralded the start of something grand, an elevation in the family status that they took great pains to let everyone know. In the school Obama met Ray who introduced him to the African American community. After finishing high school, Obama moved to Los Angeles, where he enrolled at Occidental College, he describes his life there to be a party lifestyle with the drug and alcohol use. After two years of his party life at Occidental, he transferred himself to Columbia college at Columbia University, in Manhattan, New York, where he majored in political science. After graduation, he started a business for a year, which did not go very well, he then moved to Chicago there he worked for a non-profit community organizing in the Altgeld Gardens housing project on the South side of the city. He recounts the difficulty of the experience, as his program faced resistance from apathy on the part of the established bureaucracy and entrenched community leaders. During this time Obama first visited the Chicagos Trinity United Church of Christ only to be motivate himself to do something grand in his life. Obama decided to visit his relatives in Kenya before joining the Harvard Law School. Obama uses the experience Kenya to be the setting for his books final emotional scene. Relating the story with Obamas life the book includes a great deal of reflection on his own personal racial experiences with the Americans in the United States. A FEW RACISM FACTS I ceased to advertise my mothers race at the age of 12 or 13, when I began to suspect that by doing so I was ingratiating myself to whites this is a quote from the introduction in the book Dreams from my Father. This gives the very first glimpse of the racial discrimination and racial issues faced by Barack Obama right from the age of 12 or 13. Obama still had the thrive to continue and achieve everything that he aimed for. There was something about him that made me wary, a little too sure of himself, maybe. And white. This is during the time when he describes a job interview with a man in Chicago. It seemed that race had been a part of their discussion as the white had a certain air about himself seeing Obama being a black, but instead of getting de motivated and upset about the behaviour from the white Obama took it as an opportunity and showed what his true talent was. And at the end he was able to win the person, which was one of his many passions. It remained necessary to prove which side you were on, to show your loyalty to the black masses, to strike out and name names. Obama discusses this part of his life when he talks about his childhood and his schooldays in Hawaii. Though having a white mother Obama faced too many racial discriminations in his school days, which made him vulnerable to the whites. I never emulate white men and brown men whose fates didnt speak to my own. It was into my fathers image, the black man, son of Africa, that Id packed all the attributes I sought in myself, the attributes of Martin and Malcolm, Dubois and Mandela. This statement shows that though being a black, Barack Obama did not get emulated with his fate to have born a black, he made it his strength and walked ahead instead of walking backwards and run away from the hardships. Despite having faced so many incidences of racial discrimination and underlying authority Barack Obama had only one thing that was unbitten and that was his never dying spirit and courage and this is what i think undoubtedly defines his leadership quality. LEADERSHIP Recently I happened to read an article on leadership qualities and how is a person fit to become a leader. To test the article I decided to experiment with few of my friends, on a casual discussion I asked them who do you think can be a leader? to my amazement the entire discussion turned into an argument whether a leader is born or made. Later on after giving the entire argument much thought I decided to jot down few of the qualities of a leader I could figure out during the discussion. The first thing that I noticed was during the entire conversation there was one friend who did not even attempt to get into the conversation, later when asked he said I dont think thats even a discussion, it was so pointless, Id rather spend my time reading Barack Obama then deciding whether a leader is born or made it is always going to be debatable, thats when I realised that a true leader never gives too much time to such discussions he rather concentrates more on developing his own leadership qualities which he thinks are necessary for his success. One of the other things that I noticed was in a group theres always a person who leads the discussion, gives it a proper flow and concludes it, this group had a leader as well, but the quality i noticed here was a leader always has followers, you take the case of Hitler, Mussolini, Barack Obama, Mahatma Gandhi anyone in that case, they are perfect examples of Leadership and one thing that is common among all of them is they all had th eir own set of followers. Which I think is one of the biggest qualities of a leader, what is the point of leading a group when you do not have anyone to follow? Summarizing the entire incident i could come up with Five qualities that a leader possesses. They are as follows: A leader should be Intelligent Clarity in thought Forward looking Ethical Inspiring Now the important job for a leader is to display his skills or the five qualities mentioned above and at the same time inspiring people to follow. Below is a story of a great leader who doesnt have a name in history, hasnt made it big yet she is a motivation, a role model and has all the qualities for an entrepreneur mentioned above. How often do you get a chance to motivate? How often do you get a chance to touch peoples lives and make them better? Well i just came across a teacher who made it all possible, they called her Miss G. Miss G was a happy, and a fun loving human being, happily married and a perfect husband made her confident, and lively. She came from a political background and as her father she too wanted to do something for the society, she had tried a couple of things already but somehow did not interest her, or rather the work did not approve her, not getting de motivated Miss G joins the Long Island school, Long Beach to try her hands on teaching, little has she thought of what she was getting into, she would have had night mares before step forward to take the job. Her father did not approve of her becoming a teacher, he thought it was too low a profile to work in, she didnt pay attention to it, as she knew she would be able to make her father agree to her choice eventually. She started off her first day as a teacher with a group of students majorly African Americans, who were engaged in gang wars, drugs, fighting etc. She had a hard time even talking to them as they had a typical attitude to the way they lived. They were freshmen at school and obviously hated the fact. The first day she experienced the enmity amongst the students with the issue being the colour of their skin. She has a hard time controlling their fights, but gets hold of it eventually. When she walks out after the school she sees that the whites are on one side of the ground and the black on the other none of them even bothered to interact with the other colour. The very next day she mixes the different colour students within the class to break the ice amongst themselves. That doesnt work very well as many of them feel offended of their colour and stop coming to the class. She tries to figure out for days together what is it that is stopping 13 year kids to talk to each other and discriminate amongst each other due to their colour in modern America. And one day something happens that teaches her the real reason, a boy gets killed by one of the whites just because he was black, she learns the fact that one of her students called Eva was also involved in the incident. She wanted to confront the girl about it but was warned by the administration of the school to not to do so as it was against the policy of the school. She still tries to confront and learns that the blacks are ill-treated by the American cops for no reason, they were bitten up, shot and jailed just for being a black. Miss G didnt realise what to say when she was confronted with a truth like this. She knew the students wouldnt speak to her directly in the class, but she wanted them to take all their pain and sufferings out so that she could heal them and make them better human beings, because she knew, she had hope in them that they werent as bad as they were made out to be. She then came up with this really amazing idea of making them keep their journal, she asked them to write any of their experiences that were close to her heart. She told them she wouldnt read their journal unless and until they would allow her to. She offered them a closet to leave their journals if they wanted her to read them. And to her surprise everyone wrote in their journals and left them behind for her to read it. The administration of the school was strictly against all the activities that she was doing and wouldnt support her or help her even with the material she required for the class. Miss G didnt give up on the kids, she worked double jobs just so that she could provide them with the materials that they needed. But in all of this her personal life, her happy marriage had started to go on the rough track. Thus she was losing support both from her working environment as well as her husband. But with her determination and passion to make a difference to those kids lives, she continues to teach with all the hurdles and difficulties that she was facing. With all the efforts she was putting in she succeeded in making the class room a home for all the kids she was teaching. Her husband left her, the administration didnt agree with her efforts and the people around her tried every possible way to de motivate her. But she was a warrior princess despite having an emotional breakdown, the threat to lose the job, no home she never gave up or rather never bowed to the situations, she kept fighting. During the entire mess up she was going through for the first time her motivating force was her father. Her father told her I am jealous of what my daughter is being able to do, she did what I had dreamt for myself, which I think in itself is a driving force for any individual. And with the warrior she was this just added to her strength. She motivated the kids to keep their own journals, this time she motivated them to convert their journals into books. The kids already following the footsteps of their teacher readily agreed to it, and after months of rigorous work they came up with their own individual books with their own stories. Their own stories of struggle and their own stories of survival, she had succeeded. This motivated Miss G to write her own book for the kids and the experience with them. She amazingly called them the freedom writers. My Learning It is not necessary that you make it big if you are an entrepreneur, it is not necessary that the world should know what a big personality are you. The satisfaction comes from within. One if the question that i came across while reading the book was why doesnt everyone have a name in history? What is so special about the people who have made it big? the answer to the question was their intelligence. Imagine what if everyone had the same wavelength, what if everyone was as intelligent as Mr Narayan Murthi of Infosys, Mr Warren Buffet the investor, Mr Bill Gates of Microsoft, there would be a new Infosys and Microsoft coming up every day in every different corner of the world. There wouldnt have been any uniqueness in their ventures. Thus intelligence plays a vital role in what you do. Intelligence plays a vital role in what you do but intelligence without clarity of thought cannot be put to the best use. Imagine Bill Gates having an idea of launching Microsoft but doesnt know where, when and how, i think without a clear vision he wouldnt have been able to do any of it. And lastly having a vision of where you want to be sums up to all the things that are needed to be a leader. Thus a mixture of an intelligent, forward looking and clear minded individual makes it to be the best leader. Conclusion Whether its Miss G or Barack Obama, both of them had their own share of hardships and struggles one thing that kept them going was their never say NO attitude to life. This is what has made them a leader, an entrepreneur and a satisfied human. At the end of the day it is not what you do or what you make out of what youre doing, it is the learning that life offers for the present and the future. Lions sleep 18 hours a day if hard work alone was the secret to success, then donkey would have been the king of the jungle.

The Meat Industry Essay -- Food Cattle Environmental Health Essays

The Meat Industry The cattle industry produces vast amounts of strain in the environment. It is energy inefficient, pollutes water, occupies many acres of land, and deteriorates the health of the people who abuse its consumption. The government subsidizes this industry. Therefore, the price paid for meat doesn’t reflect the environmental hazards involved in the process. In order to protect our health and the health of the environment we should pay close attention to our food choices and make sure we don’t support industries that degrade it. The energy return ratio (as food energy per fossil energy expended) of the most energy efficient factory farming of meat is 34.5%, while that of the least energy efficient plant food is 328%. Fossil energy is utilized from before a cow is raised until it is eaten. This account for the necessary energy to clear land from its original vegetation, to grow cow feed, to operate slaughterhouses and transportation. Forty pounds of soybeans are produced by the same amount of fossil fuels required to produce one pound of meat. All these factors indicate the inverse relationship between meat production and fossil energy savings. The meat industry consumes over half of all water used for all purposes in the United States. Most of this water is used to irrigate cattle feedlots. Water utilized to produce 1 pound of meat amounts to 2,500 gallons. In comparison, the water utilized to produce 1 pound of wheat amounts to 25 gallons. In Texas, a quarter of the groundwater has already been used to grow crops for the expanding cattle feedlots and wells are drying up across the northern part of the state. Also, cattle contribute to water pollution. Cows are routinely washed and the runoff containing manu... ...en to be energy inefficient because of the quantity of fossil fuels required for its production. It causes deforestation, topsoil erosion, extensive water usage and pollution, along with numerous health hazards. Many of our tax dollars are directed towards this cause through government subsidies. Among the possible solutions to this problem would be to implement laws to halt deforestation for cattle production, to stop subsidizing water for cow feed, to control cattle population and to increase standards for manure management. Also to, implement mandatory education measures in hospitals for patients suffering from cardiovascular disorders and other health problems related to meat consumption. At the personal level, it is necessary for us to take responsibility for our actions, by paying attention to every bite and being aware of how our decisions affect the planet.

Death of a Salesman Essays -- essays papers

Death of a Salesman In the play Death of a Salesman, appearance vs. reality is one of the major themes throughout the story. Biff says it himself, â€Å"I’m tired of living in a dream.† Willy represents appearance. His perspective on life was clouded by his need for the â€Å"American Dream†. Biff represents reality. Biff saw things for what they truly were and didn’t lie to himself or others. This shows that Willy and Biff are opposite characters who each represent the theme of appearance vs. reality in the play. Willy was an old man with a wife and two sons. He worked as a salesman and his job was very important to him. Willy never got to live his dream. His life passed him by and he was left without anything to show for. Now in his last days he is dwelling on the fact that he has lived his life without achieving the goal he wanted to achieve. He was ignorant to think that a person could be successful in life based on being well liked. Willy was a bad father because he raised his children without any morals or values. Willy didn’t realize the reality of his situation. ...

The Skating Party

The short story â€Å"The Skating Party† by Merna Summers is about a love triangle conveying the theme that it is essential for individuals to make rational decisions because they will have to endure the consequences for the rest of their lives. Having been raised on a farm in Willow Bunch, Nathan Singleton aspired to become a farmer with a devoted wife. Contrary to his goal, he left his home and relocated to the city to become a teacher. Then, he ultimately returned to Willow Bunch to focus on his farming career. â€Å"In some ways it seemed as if he had never really left Willow Bunch†¦I found it hard to imagine him as I knew he must be in his classroom: wearing a suit, chalk dust on his sleeve, putting seat work on the blackboard. He didn't even talk like a teacher. † (Summers 187-188) The significance of character revelation in this quote highlights Nathan's personality traits that are reminiscent of a stereotypical farmer. This justifies why Maida found it diff icult to visualize Nathan possessing personality traits pertaining to a stereotypical teacher. With further inference, it can be concluded that his specific traits didn't effectively complement his teaching career.This incompatibility influenced him to return to Willow Bunch, where his childhood aspiration almost came to fruition when he became engaged with Eunice Lathem. Though unfortunately, he receded to teaching in the city once again after her demise. Nathan's indecisive demeanour regarding his career is symbolized by engraving a tattoo on your body. The consequence was the absence of occupational stability in his life, a reminder which is symbolized by the fact that a tattoo is permanently etched onto your skin.Secondly, the theme of â€Å"The Skating Party† is reinforced through Delia's decision to skate with Nathan at the skating party. Due to the lengthy duration of time they spent together, Eunice became infuriated because she detected intimacy. Delia then agreed to skate with Eunice in order to calm her down. Eventually, they both fell through the ice; Eunice's death was the price for Delia's survival. â€Å"Eunice Lathem's sister, whose name was Delia Sykes, moved away from Willow Bunch right after the accident. † (Summers 191) This quote represents Delia's character development.From a very extroverted, flamboyant character, she confined herself in a shell due to the torment caused by the outcome of her decision and its role in Eunice's death. This categorizes her as a dynamic character. She then left Willow Bunch, believing that isolating herself from her friends and family would be the only way to atone for her mistake. Delia made an irrational decision to skate with Nathan which is symbolized by choosing to have a tattoo drawn onto your skin. Her decision indirectly resulted in Eunice's death, a traumatizing experience she endured for the rest of her life that is symbolized by the adherence of a tattoo.It will always be with her; o ne glance at it will remind her of the skating party. Lastly, the theme of â€Å"The Skating Party† is accentuated through Nathan's decision to save Delia instead of Eunice. â€Å"The one pair of arms had white fur around them. And I reached for the other pair† (Summers 199) This quote revealed Nathan's true desire and who he valued the most in his life. It also implies the inner conflict he experiences, such as reflecting on the credibility of his decision and evaluating possible outcomes if he acted differently.Such thoughts prevent him from achieving tranquility. Like a tattoo, the remorse Nathan's burdened with will stay for the remainder of his life as a result of choosing to save Delia and allowing Eunice to perish. Nathan's inability to choose a career, Delia's decision to skate with Nathan, and Nathan's decision to save Delia instead of Eunice emphasizes the theme of â€Å"The Skating Party†: it is necessary to make decisions rationally in order to avoid regrets and live a satisfying life.

The California-Illini Manufacturing Company’s (Ci)

The California-Illini Manufacturing Company's (CI) Q1. What is the firm's competitive strategy? Does the strategy seem appropriate? In the strictest sense, competitive strategy refers to how a company can gain a competitive advantage through a market while finding a distinctive way of competing. California-Illini Manufacturing Company is able to compete in the Global industry because they are handmade tillage and cultivating tools and they are American made; they use expensive metal pieces and are hand metal forged, along with using manual electric arc welders.There is in most every market the opportunity for handmade products, for example Lamborghini cars are hand made vehicles, which are more expensive, but because of the extensive labor they are considered to be better built. The industry however, is very competitive in American and the global market, and there are cheaper options available. With that said I think there is still a substantial market for the rugged, handmade, Ameri can tools and they should stick to their design strategy and use their family built, third- Generation Company known for the quality of tools as their trademark. Q2.What motivated the cost reduction strategy? Did the cost reduction strategy work? Why? The cost reduction strategy occurred because during the early to mid 1980’s during President Reagan’s first term an economic downturn struck companies, this depressed market caused many businesses like CI to struggle. Their inventory was down and the cash flow was poor, the company began to look into cutting cost, increasing prices, technology and productivity. In the short run (1989) the cost cutting strategy failed, operating expenses were up 20%, along with increased inventories by 24% and net profits continued to slip!Q3. How did CI's standard cost system affect the cost reduction strategy? CI’s cost system was developed to measure performance and profit potential, each materials and labor input is given and pr oduction managers are demanded to meet or improve the standards. In the end the new PCIC manager suggested increasing the job lots from 100 to 150 rather than the 6,000. The company decided to remain loyal to their old performance cost system instead of taking an alternative approach which may have helped CI. The process seems to be broken and they are just blindly following the approach to measuring performance.The cost reduction strategy seemed to be well meaning, and had the opportunity for success BUT, CI was chained to old ideas and old ways of thinking, past successes don’t always ensure future success. Q4. What is the role of work-in-process in the cost reduction strategy? The work-in process was important in the implementation of the cost reduction strategy. In General, there are three stages of cost of goods: Raw materials, work-in-process inventory, and finished goods. The cost of each stage includes materials cost, labor cost, and overhead. The cost reduction strat egy needs to cut the cost from every stage.Work-in-process is very important. There are always many steps during work-in-process, such as setup and Assembly. We can cut cost by using economic sizes, shorting routine time, and decreasing variances. In this case, the company planned to increase batch sizes to improve productivity. The short-time result was impressive because plant efficiency measures rose about 15%. But it also caused some negative effects. In order to improve efficiency measures, departments kept processing large lots regardless of current demand. It brought much storage expense, overtime expense and it made scheduling difficult.All these costs play a negative effect in the cost reduction strategy. Q5. Is the new (PCIC) manager on the right track with the smaller lot sizes? Yes, the PCIC manager is on the right track. Now the company has a big problem:Inventories increased by 24% and net profits continued to deteriorate. The current level of processing job lots 6. 00 0 is a main reason to cause this problem. It produced large batches when the demand is not that high. So it is an effective way to solve the problem by reducing the processing job lots. But the big change from 6000 to 100 or 150 cannot make sure the stability of the company.It needs to be reconsidered. By managing the constraints, they are not over producing and building inventory levels for products that won't sell. Q6. What steps is the PCIC likely to take now? The final goal is to increase the profits. The most important things are to improve operations and increase sales volume. Firstly, reduce the processing job lots and control lead times. The company should not produce and build inventory levels for products that won't sell. They should provide the high quality productions to customers as soon as possible. Secondly, restore domestic sales. As reported that domestic volume decreased by 11. %.The company should find the reasons and get back the domestic share. Thirdly, open up new international markets. Q7. What type of cost system should be used at CI? CI should implement a cost system that would be flexible and adhere to the changing market situations and that would be the ABC cost system. Importance should not be based so much on the amount that a company would produce at a given time. CI may have saved so much in input costs while producing a lot within a shorter time but if these products are not what the market needs or wants, everything would just be a waste.

Management Obstructive Submandibular Gland Disease Health And Social Care Essay

Submandibular secretory organ is one of the major salivary secretory organs found in human existences. The others are sublingual and the parotid secretory organs. The three secretory organs are found to be located in the oral cavity and around the pharynx. All the three secretory organs together with other salivary secretory organs serve the intent of releasing spit in the oral cavity. The submandibular salivary secretory organ specifically secretes saliva under the lingua in the front part ( Yuasa et al 1997 ) . The chief causes of submandibular secretory organ obstructor are the salivary calculuss and they are known to do puffiness of the secretory organs several repeated times particularly during repasts. Saliva is besides produced by other group of secretory organs referred to as minor secretory organs ( Yuasa 1998 ) . These minor secretory organs are found in the oral cavity liners, lips and roof of the mouth. Sometimes they can be located in the olfactory organ. These glanses a re susceptible to a figure of diseases and upsets some of which include swelling or balls besides known as obstructor or tumours ; infections by bacteriums, viruses and this can take to epidemic parotitiss ; dry oral cavity and hurts largely lacerations ( Rauch and Gorlin 1970 ) .Submandibular secretory organ Anatomy.The structural anatomy of submandibular secretory organ was studied earlier in the 17th century and was subsequently visualized in the 1990s by assistance of an endoscope. The endoscopic technological techniques have developed quickly sing the past 10 old ages and this has been accompanied by sialoendoscopy debut and an betterment in direct submandibular secretory organ diagnosing and geographic expedition. This has besides permitted minimum invasive interventions of surgery to acquire off with the obstructor.ObstructionObstruction of submandibular secretory organs merely refers to interference with saliva flow in these secretory organs usually due to formation of rock in the secretory organs. The marks and symptoms of this upset usually occur when one is holding repasts. The individual enduring from this disease can originate production of the spit but the produced spit can non be able to come out through the ductal system taking to accretion in the several secretory organ. It is this accretion that leads to swelling of the secretory organ involved and this is followed by terrible hurting and the happening of an infection at this phase can put in ( Capaccio et al 2003 )Causes of obstructor.The chief cause of salivary secretory organ obstructor is the Sialolithiasis which accounts for about 60 six per centum of the entire secretory organ obstructor instances. Tumors, cauli rocks and stenosiss besides account for a comparatively high per centum of secretory organ obstructor. However obstructor is besides caused by other minor factors including stoppers of mucous secretion, neoplasm compaction, foreign organic structures and sometimes obstructor by granulation tissue which can be due excessively immunological jobs. Obstruction can besides be as a consequence of exposure of the secretory organ to the radioiodine therapy which causes harm to these secretory organs particularly for persons enduring from thyroid carcinoma ( Milton, Thomas and Bickerton 1986 ) . Obstruction of the salivary canal can besides be caused deficient coordination of neuromuscular masseteric. Finally obstructor can be due to traumatic dentitions eruption or initiation of dental plate compaction in the opening of the salivary canal.Other possible causes submandibular salivary secretory organ obstructor.There are several possible causes of obstruction or obstructor of the submandibular salivary secretory organs. These factors can either be classified as extraductal, ductal or intratuctal factors. Extraductal causes are besides termed as interductal causes which can happen due to force per unit area built up from the other tumours next or next to the submandi bular secretory organ. The force per unit area built up in these next canals or tumours cause swelling of these canals. When these canals swell outwards, the submandibular secretory organs near to them acquire compressed taking to their obstruction or obstructor to flux of spit. Other than the force per unit area from the tumours adjacent to the submandibular secretory organs, other constructions of anatomy close to these secretory organs can besides do compaction force per unit area. Ductal factors or causes involve stenosiss of fibre that criss-cross in the interior of the canals of the submandibular secretory organs. These stenosiss emerge from the walls of the submandibular secretory organ canals and turn towards the hollow side doing obstructor or obstruction to flux of spit. Intraductal factors or causes include things like mucose stoppers or the concretion. Accretion of the mucose on the walls of the canals of submandibular secretory organs will finally take to decrease of th e infinite available for flow of the spit. Elevated degrees of this mucose accretion lead to obstructor. The mucose is believed to be secreted by some enzymes in the walls of the canals.InflammationIn a instance where the rock does non blockade the canal of the secretory organ wholly, the secretory organ will merely demo the swelling consequence at a clip of feeding and so goes back to normal after the repasts but this state of affairs will once more reiterate in the following feeding session. The abnormally pulled spit is most likely to acquire septic and this leads to extra terrible hurting and secretory organ swelling. There is a likeliness of the secretory organ going abscessed if this status is left unattended to for a long clip ( Epker 1972 ) . Abnormality is one of the causes of obstructor in some people. In instances where the major salivary secretory organs happen to hold some abnormalcies like development of bottlenecks, the spit may non be able to flux freely in such a instance and this can take to reduced flow of spit and this can make room for infections and other obstructor symptoms ( Becker et al 2000 ) .TumorsThe primary malignant and benign tumours of the salivary secretory organ usually appear as typical expansions or puffinesss of the affected secretory organs. In most instances tumours involves on one secretory organ and on really rare state of affairss will you tumours involve in more than one secretory organ ( Yoshimura et al 1989 ) . Tumors are detected as growing expansions in the submandibular country or in other countries like the parotid secretory organ, mouth floor, lips and besides in the cheeks. The major secretory organs ‘ malignant tumours are described as fast growth, can take to loss of ges ture of the side of face which is affected either entirely or partially and these tumours are really painful. The probe of the symptoms needs to be carried out quickly ( Spiro 1998 ) .DiagnosisThe chief methods of diagnosing of any salivary secretory organ disease are by proving in the research lab, physical scrutiny and sometimes the history of an person is put in consideration. In a state of affairs where an person is suspected of holding a major salivary secretory organ obstructor, there will be need to anaesthetize the oral cavity salivary canal gap, investigation and distend it to enable the transition of the clogging rock. The usage of dental X raies may besides assist in location of the calcified rocks. A CT scan type of X ray will be helpful in instance a mass is located in the secretory organ and this type of scan will demo if the placed mass is portion of the secretory organ or a lymph node associate ( Bodner 2002 ) .TreatmentSalivary secretory organ diseases can be tackle d by either medical intervention or by surgical operation. The method to be used for intervention will be determined by the nature of the secretory organ job. If the nature of the job is one that attacks the organic structure as a whole so this must be treated and may necessitate farther audiences from other specializers but if the status involves obstructor of the salivary secretory organs and other secretory organ infections so antibiotics can rectify the state of affairs. However some instances of secretory organ diseases may necessitate canal instrumentality. In the instance where a mass has developed in the salivary secretory organ, the mass remotion by surgery is necessary. When transporting out surgery, attention must be taken to avoid harm to the nervousnesss located in the secretory organs ( Drage 2002 ) .Sialolithiasis/Calculi ( rocks )In many instances, this upset occurs largely in the submandibular salivary secretory organs and canals. However a few instances are reporte d to happen in the parotid secretory organs. The chief cause of the stenosiss can be due to the injury that can originate from cheek biting. Other causes may be due to dental plates, concretion and sometimes post surgery effects. The persons enduring from this status experience several symptoms ( Marchal et al 2001 ) . They feel pain at the clip of feeding and this hurting is relentless and the swelling occurs largely during eating. The discharge of the spit and Pus from these secretory organs will alleviate these symptoms. Failure to go to to this status will take to stagnancy and accretion of the spit in the affected secretory organs taking to happening of infection. If this state of affairs continues for long without any attending so the patient ‘s secretory organs may be destructed for good ( Nahlieli et al 2000 ) . This upset can be treated or managed but the direction or intervention depends on the type, the location and the degree of devastation of the involved secretor y organs. The intervention measures largely employed include canal repositioning, canal Reconstruction, calculus remotion by surgery, stenosis dilation and besides gland deletion ( Renhen 2001 ) .Malignant tumour.The major secretory organs ‘ malignant tumours are described as fast growth, can take to loss of gesture of the side of face which is affected either entirely or partially and these tumours are really painful. The probe of the symptoms needs to be carried out quickly. The chief symptoms of this upset as described include hurting, weak facial nervousnesss, lump tethering and fast growing of the tumour. The sort of probes that can be employed in this instance can either by MRI scan or usage of CT scan. A all right needle cytological aspirate can be applicable but the job is that this probe is dearly-won taking to many concerns ( Brown 2002 ) . Adenoid cystic carcinoma. This status is divided to three subtypes. There is the cannular type, the cribriform type and the solid type. Among these three types, the most aggressive is the solid type. These three subtypes of the adenoid cystic carcinoma may happen in the same tumour or individually in different tumours. The features, marks and symptoms include perineural invasions which occur in about 60 per centum of the patients ‘ diagnosed with this upset. There is besides cervical metastasis although this is rare and occurs merely in approximately eight to thirteen per centum of the patients while the other symptom is the distant metastasis which happens in about 50 per centum of the patients ‘ diagnosed with this disease and this is largely sited in the castanetss and the lungs ( Seaver 1979 ) . The most employed intervention or direction is adenoid cystic carcinoma surgery as the primary intervention. The other direction techniques include entire parotidectomy and th is is largely done when there is suspension of tumour clinical invasion. Radiotherapy can besides be employed in instance surgery is non successful. Then there is a demand to make frequent follow ups Incas of extremely susceptible patients to this upset in order to pull off it ( Chummun 2001 ) Acinic cell carcinoma is normally located in the parotid secretory organ. This disease appears as a mass turning easy in the secretory organs and it is accompanied with hurting and tenderness. This tumour looks similar to cells of serous acinar. Other cases related to this status have been reported in the submandibular secretory organs and other salivary secretory organs. Persons with different age can endure from this disease but kids and average aged persons ( between 40s and 50s ) are most susceptible. This status can be treated or managed by using assorted surgery degrees followed radiation therapy. The other intervention method is neutron beam radiation, chemotherapy and besides conventional radiation ( Baruchin 2000 ) . Mucoepidermoid carcinoma incidences happen most likely compared to other two types. Persons aged between 20 and 50 are the most susceptible. This status can happen in any salivary secretory organ but many such instances have been witnessed or apparent in the smaller salivary secretory organ of the roof of the mouth. This status can eat deep into the dentigerous cyst wall. Symptoms of both high and intermediate signifier of this status include metastasis to the part ‘s lymph. This status is treated or managed by surgical dissection. The other method of direction is the postoperative radiation therapy ( Medina 1998 ) .Decision.Several disease conditions affect salivary secretory organs and they are brought about by different factors. All the medical applications that are employed in any status of this diseases will either be surgical or by usage of medical specialty. These sorts of interventions are done by sawboness with experience in the caput and neck subdivisions of the organ ic structure. These sawboness are referred to as otolaryngologist sawboness and in this instance they are specialized in both caput and cervix related surgeries. ( Koch et al 2005 ) . Many more establishments that offer unwritten surgery and any other related researches should be enhanced and accomplished to be able to minimise these conditions and be able to manage even much more complicated diseases related to salivary secretory organs.