Policy development Essay

In layman’s terms, policy may be defined as a deliberate plan of action that is used to guide decisions and thereby achieve rational outcomes. There is a fallacy that policies only apply to governments. Policies may also apply to private sector organizations, groups and individuals. Difference between policy and law To a great extent, laws are used for compelling or prohibiting behaviors. Conversely, policies are used to guide actions so that the desired action may be achieved. There various types of policies. These include public, fiscal and urban policies. Consequently, policies may then be understood as the political, management and administrative mechanisms arranged to reach certain explicit goals. Involvement Various individuals and groups in society try to shape up policy by way of advocacy, education and the mobilization of interest groups. The aim of doing so is to sway the policy makers to make decisions that will be in their favor. It is all about interest at the end of the day. If particular groups in society feel it is in their interest that certain policies be made in their favor, they try as much to advocate for them by way of lobbying. According to Cohen, De la Vega & Watson, in advocacy, certain groups or individuals in society take it upon themselves to educate the public and also the policy makers about the nature of the problems, the kind of legislation required to deal with the said problems including the funding required to provide the necessary services and/or conduct research (2001). In my community located in a small town in Pennsylvania, the major issue of concern is access to clean water. Water is life so the saying goes. However, in my small community, more and more people are finding it considerably hard to access reliable and safe water. Most of the local streams where the majority of the people obtain their water from are becoming openly polluted (Clean Water Action, N. d. ). This makes the water an issue of serious concern. As an individual member of our local community organization, known as, Water is Life, involvement is usually in the following policy areas. The reason I am involved in the policy is, unless the issue is addressed sooner rather than later, it may turn disastrous. There is no life without water. Lobbying The aim is to influence our representatives to institute meaningful change (Richan, 2006). The local town council which is an arm of the government needs to make sure that clean water is availed. The mayor’s election pledge was that clean water will be provided to the residents of the community as soon as he got into office. It has been six months and the taps are still dry. Consequently, I have established that the most effective lobby methods to use so as to reach the locals are letter writing, phone calls and meetings. This way the residents stay informed on the activities that the organization is involved in. However, the use of e-mails has proved to be much faster and convenient. With the growth of information and communication technology, members of the community have access to the internet (Grassroots lobbying techniques, N. d). However, it is not only the resident of the community who have been receiving the letters, emails and phone calls but also the mayor and Governor Rendell. Advocacy Cohen, De la Vega & Watson, define advocacy as the quest of influencing outcomes that in one way or another have an effect on people’s lives (2001). Advocacy is an integral part in policy and resource allocation decision. Advocacy is necessary if the adoption of the Buffer 100 policy is to become a reality and also if the protection of the streams and provision of clean water is to be realized. Through advocacy, the community organization Water is Life, has been able to give a voice to the residents of the community. More over, it has helped to mobilize them towards a common goal. Community mobilization The single most important resource that a community may use to influence policy is the people. When the people get together, they are better able to provide solutions to their most immediate problems. As part of the mobilization efforts, I am involved in handling out of pamphlets and organizing village meetings (Handbook, N. d). However, it is important to note that all these endeavors may not be successful without some kind of education. The locals have to be clearly informed on why their participation is important. Accordingly, the community organization (Water is Life), which may be regarded to an interest group pushing for the needs of the community and the policy implementers (the town council, the Office of the Mayor and the Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) may be referred to as the main actors. They are the main players in this policy issue. The individuals who have mostly been affected by the policy are the residents of the community. These actors are involved in different parts of the policy development process, right from the identification of the problem all through to the evaluations stage. Issue of concern There are many people in the community who are facing the possibility of not being able to access safe water. The residents should unite and support the implementation of the Buffer 100 policy which will protect the Pennsylvania streams from pollution (Clean water Action (N. d. ). Clean water has many uses. For drinking, cooking, washing and cleaning. There is as strain on the availability of safe water because the population has increased while water sources have remained constant while some have been destroyed. It is hard to imagine what the situation will be like in a few years time with population growth. There will be more demand for clean drinking water though the supply will be next to none. While the community was able to support a smaller population in the early 1980’s comfortable with the water resource given by Mother Nature, it has become considerably hard to continue with the trend. Human activity (pollution), the clearing of forests and other water catchments areas plus the effects of global warming are all to blame (Real Estate Futurist, 2009). The Clean Water Act is the chief federal law in the United States used to govern water pollution (Ryan, 2004). The clean water issue is contained within the broader realm of environmental policies. To a great extent, the formulation of water policy heavily relies on input from numerous parties/actors; from individuals, groups, communities and policy implementers. Their main duty is to avail critical information and expertise necessary for the understanding and addressing of water provision concerns. Extent to which the issue affects a larger number of people It has already been established that clean water is an absolute necessity. Without clean water, the existence of life becomes precarious. According to United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on climate change, a massive 2 billion people will not have access to clean drinking water by the year 2050. What is even more shocking is that the number may rise to 3. 2 billion people by the year 2080 (Associated Press, 2008). For evidence and proof that indeed water has become a scarce resource one only needs to open the newspapers and /or watch news for pictures of dry barren lands and animal carcasses under the scorching sun in such parts of the world as Africa. In the US, some regions are at the limit of their fresh water supplies. One major region that is experiencing water shortage is California. It is expected that between the year 2000 and 2015, the population will have doubled up. Think of the resulting stress on the provision of clean water. The lack of water has far reaching consequences. There will be less food production. Think of the West part of America which relies on irrigation to sustain agriculture (Real Estate Futurist, 2009)? Less food production will then mean that food will become more expensive. In the US, the people who may be most affected by the lack of safe water are the very young and the old. Thus, these include children of school going age and the old people most of who live in retirement homes. More over, people from marginalized communities for instance, the Latin Americans and immigrants from other countries may be affected. In terms of gender, women may be most affected as they are the ones who are mostly charged with the duties of looking for water. More over, they perform most of the activities where water is primal such as cooking and cleaning. Nevertheless, people who are in the lower end of the income bracket will also be more affected. Think of the people in manual/temporary labor who earn less than one dollar a day. In the event of water shortage, they will not have any money to spare for the purchase of water. They may then result to using contaminated water which is a health hazard. There is need for the adoption of better policies that will guarantee better access to safe water regardless of race or social class. Conclusion Policies are deliberate plan of actions used to not only guide decision but also to achieve a logical and rational outcome in particular issues and activities. Some of today’s policy issues are to be found in the environmental, health and education sectors. The availability and provision of safe water is a serious local and global issue in the environmental realm. Individuals and groups alike are involved in advocacy and lobbying as a way of influencing actors involved in policy development and implementation such as government representatives to act accordingly. The aim is to voice the concern of the people most affected by the issues; local communities. Unless, the water issue is addressed now there will be worse things to worry about in future. References. Clean water Action (N. d. ). Retrieved March 20, 2009 from http://www.cleanwateraction. org/ Clean Water. (2009). Real Estate Futurist. Retrieved March 20, 2009 from http://www. realestatefuturist. com/re-environmentwater. asp Cohen, D. , De la Vega, R. & Watson, G. (2001). Advocacy for social justice. Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press Inc. Experts warn of severe water shortages by 2080. (2008). Associated Press. Retrieved March 20, 2009 from http://www. msnbc. msn. com/id/27781117/l Gerston, L. (1997). Public policy making: Process and principle. New York: M. E. Sharpe. Grass root lobbying techniques. (N. d. ). Retrieved March 20 2009 from http://fsalc. com/root. html Handbook: Non-formal adult education facilitators. (N. d. ). Retrieved March 20, 2009 http://www2. unescobkk. org/elib/publications/nonformal/M1. pdf Richan, W. (2006). Lobbying for social change. New York: Routledge. Ryan, M. (2004). The Clean Water Act handbook. Chicago: American Bar Association. Smith, B. (2003). Public policy and public participation: Engaging citizens and community in the development of public policy. Health Canada. Retrieved March 20, 2009 from http://www. phac-aspc. gc. ca/canada/regions/atlantic/pdf/pub_policy_partic_e. pdf

The Baderman Island Resort Word Processing Software Upgrade

Smith Systems Consulting is IT services provider delivering business and office automation solutions country wide. We have expertise in project management, software application design, deployment and support. We also provide computing hardware and network installation services. To provide Baderman the most suitable word processing solution, our experts have worked out a plan comprising of three staged project plan based on time tested proprietary standards. Need Assessment Our experts will be involved in identifying current as well as future word processing needs for all users at Baderman.This activity will include documenting all features currently used such as word processing, desktop publishing, web publishing etc. Consultants will conduct interviews throughout the organization to document and compile an exhaustive in-use feature list. We will also collect valuable information about the current hardware and software configurations such, versions of operating systems, memory and pr ocessing power, currently used word processing software etc. Our IS auditors will collect all policies, procedures and guidelines governing the purchase, use and upgrade of computer hardware and software at Baderman.The objective of need assessment is to document all the requirements from various business units. It is an essential element of developing a business-case for any recommended solution. This business-case will help management understand the utility of such an investment, and create the executive’s buy-in necessary for the success of such a project. Product Identification Following need-assessment we will provide details of product(s) identified to best suit the current and future needs at Baderman. Our goal during this phase will be to provide a choice of options supported by data collected during need-assessment.The management may decide to opt for mix of products for different department such as word processing software for many and desktop publishing, web author ing systems for communication and marketing etc. Our proposed solution will accommodate such possibilities to avoid any repeat of work. As standard procedure we will also submit an impact analysis for each of the chosen products, on the currently deployed infrastructure. This will help develop accurate budget and expenditure forecast. Implementation The implementation phase will be further divided into three stages.Each stage will target a group of workers chosen to minimize loss of productivity in operational activities. First group will comprise of top managers from all the various business units. Installation and training will be provided to these leaders and consultants will monitor the progress continuously. These managers will provide the necessary momentum required to successfully implement the change at lower level. This exercise will create stake holders at department level ready to take a lead in adopting new solutionNext in line will be line managers reporting to lead man agers, and lastly all the knowledge workers using word processing software will be targeted. Following a strict step by step regime will allow deployment and training teams to focus attention on groups. This will deliver measurable and repeatable process for adoption of upgrades or new technology. We strive to provide the best quality of service to all our customers. Our planners, consultants and engineers will provide the right mix of skills and expertise to deliver favorable results.

Anthology Poems

It is just filled with 5 poetic lines which we had to either do a free verse poem, poems without rhyming or patterns and that don‘t follow any rules, or a blank verse which is a poem that uses no rhyming but has iambic pentameters (patterns). Or you can do a rhyme verse which is a poem that uses rhyming. My poem is blank verse because even though I have no rhyming I have a pattern. You see I repeat the word â€Å"reason† a few times and it follow a pattern. Read ona The Room No matter how many times I tell him, He never cleans his room! On how dirty it is! His underwear is under the ____ Bed. His papers are on the __f_lo__o_r__. Last weeks sandwich is a M O L D Y Mess! Theirs something called â€Å"Clean up your room! † I say to him everyday! At last I punished him with a ban on T. V. That’s when the stink went away. Description This poem is a poem with a speaker. A speaker poem is a person that is talking in the poem. Sometimes the speaker can be the author itself talking in the poem. Other times it is a made up character. In this case, you can figure out that the speaker is the kids mother because she â€Å"banned him with no T. V. † until his room is cleaned up. (Now mothers will do that, just ask my mother. ) Read ona My Cat My cat is dumb! Let me tell you that! He’s the opposite of what a cat Should be! He hates mice, But loves dogs. He doesn’t like milk, But prefers meat. Now tell me, Is that how a cat should be? Description This poem by yours truly is a irony poem. Ever heard of that word? Irony in poetic terms means when a result of something is the complete opposite of what you would expect. For example, in my poem you wouldn’t expect a cat to be friends with dogs. I mean dogs and cats hate each other. Well at least that’s what we would expect. And for a cat to not like milk! Unbelievable, right? (Yea I know, I have a dumb cat. But it is ironic that my cat behaves the opposite of what cats should behave like. That is why this poem is a irony poem. Read ona I Love You Do you remember? All the fun times we had. Oh how you would laugh at my jokes. Oh I’d do anything To hear your lovely voice. Your voice makes me smile Even when I’m mad. So I wrote this poem, To tell you, That I love you! Description This poem is a theme poem. Yes you heard right. Theme. Theme is the main idea in a poem or the authors feelings/thoughts. In this poem the theme is love. This is easy to figure out because the poem just says right there that the person loves another person. Some times these poems can be in a shape. Like my poem is shaped kind of like a heart and the theme of it is love. Isn’t it sweet? Read ona Just A Kiss Silence walks upon the stone halls. As you sleep for a hundred years. Fall, Winter, Spring, and Summer Visited you every year. Hoping to find you up and about. But just as they feared, Everything is weird- Sleeping Beauty has just premiered. But not before your sleep is evoked, Before you stands Charming himself. Thus, a kiss on the lips, Was all that was needed, To arouse you from your ancient sleep. Description This is another poem by me that is an allusion poem. Allusion in poetry terms means when a poem makes a reference to another poem. For example in my poem Just A Kiss the allusion is Sleeping Beauty sleeping for a hundred years until Prince Charming came to wake her from her deep sleep. I am alluding the story of Sleeping Beauty to my poem. Read ona I Wish I wish to drift into the darkness. Into the shadows of death. Slowly my grip loosens. I am trapped in an avalanche. This pain-its too much! I’m like snow trapped in the suns rays. Slowly and silently, I’ll rise, From this nightmare. Description This poem is a chance poem. Nothing big but we just had to pick 5 words from this list and use those words to make a poem. Read ona Moment Of Freedom The monsters in my head, They tell me I’m crazy. Maybe I am. These monsters, they yell and scream, Until I let them out. But they come back, they always do. These monsters they bring me crimson delight. Fresh crimson pleasure, trickling down my arm As the blade digs deeper, I find a moment of freedom. A moment where everything stops. Everything is peaceful. Everything is fine. But soon the monsters will come back. Then, no longer will I feel the pain. No longer will I feel crimson joy. Everything will be back to normal, With the monsters screaming, Until I let them out again. Description This poem is a poem with figurative language poem. Figurative language is a term in poetry when you compare two unlike things to make something clear. For example if I say the soap bubbles in the bath tub are like clouds in the sky, I am comparing the soap bubbles to the clouds, but the soap bubbles aren’t really clouds, right? In this poem I am comparing the suicide thoughts of the speaker to monsters. Read ona Nothing But The Best You’re my summer sun, And I’m your winter wind. No matter what mistakes I make, All the times I’ve yelled at you, You’re always there. Even when I’m fierce like the winter wind; Howling all the time, My nerves are calmed by your sunshine smile. You’re a treasure chest, Full of priceless gems. To me you’re nothing but the best. Description This poem is a poem of assonance/alliteration. Assonance is when you use repetition of the sound of a vowel. I don’t think I have tat but I do have alliteration. Alliteration is the repetition of 2 or more words that end with the same sound or start with the same letter. For example in the poem I said â€Å"winter wind† both words have a â€Å"w† in the beginning. I also used â€Å"sunshine smile† which has a â€Å"s† in the beginning of each word. This is how my poem uses assonance/alliteration. Read ona The Monster Mama always said she loved me. But then why do I cry every time she came home? Why do I hide under the bed, Praying she didn’t come looking for me? Before daddy left, She told me I was her sweet little angel. So why does she tell me that she hates me? Why is it the she says I’m a nuisance? What did I do, To get black and blue, Bruises all over my body. Mama always told me, That the monster always haunts kids, Who lie and cheat and hit people. Then why did she lie to me when she told me, That daddy ran away, When she kicked him out of the house? And why did she cheat on daddy before he Went to another place? And why does she hit me with her whiskey bottle? Why does she love to see me cry When the glass cuts my skin? Mama knew what she did to me, But what she didn’t know was that the monster was, The only one that said it loved me. Description This poem is a poem on symbolism. Symbolism is the idea or topic of the poem. For example, the night is a symbol of death. Or in the poem I made the monster symbolizes the thoughts one would have after abuse. Read ona The End My past is finished, It’s all filled with pain. My past is killing me, ‘Cause I’m trapped in this lane. My mind is at war with me, I can’t control the thoughts deep inside me. I’m bent out of shape with all this pain, I think it’s time I’ve played life’s game. Before it’s time I ask myself, ‘Is this the end? Will there ever be a tomorrow? ’ Almost turning away, I turn right back, I decide there is nothing more for me, Only the end can set me†¦ Free†¦ Description This last poem is a free verse poem. Like I explained in the other poem called â€Å"Reason† I said that free verse poems are poems without rhyming or patterns and that don‘t follow any rules. And just like in this poem I did not follow any patterns. aSTOP? *NO MORE POEMS*

A'state of play' assessment of the investment climate in Bolivia Essay

A'state of play' assessment of the investment climate in Bolivia - Essay Example But it is unable to exploit these natural reserves due to political instability and anti-privatization sentiments. There is literacy rate of 87%. Chiquitania is located in the eastern parts of Bolivia and it is a peaceful place composed of a unique culture and history. Although modernization is taking place, its pace is slower than what it should be. Corruption and red tape is responsible for the slow growth. Bolivia is one of Latin America's poorest countries where education and health are below the regional average. The roads, water supply, and telecom services are of poor quality (Bolivia Microeconomic Constraints and Opportunities for Higher Growth, p6). Chiquitania has tremendous potential for the tourism industry. But it is bogged down due to frequent road stoppages and poor road system. Hitherto, political conditions and bureaucratic requirements have discouraged tourism from reaching its peak level. Of course, the government may not be keen to push tourism at the cost of environmental degradation. Nevertheless, the overall economic climate is not favorable to industry. Of the industries present in the market in a study in 2000, tourism is conspicuous by its absence. There is no mention of tourism anywhere. Or if it is there, it is in the informal sector. Officially, tourism is almost non-existent (See Fig.3). Foods and drinks take the first spot, followed by furniture. The Bolivians like to eat and drink. They also have fondness for furniture. However, the zeal to push tourism is nowhere in the scheme of things for them. The real problem lies in the nature of the market in Bolivia. The size of the formal market is significantly smaller than the informal market. The problems in formalizing business far outweigh the benefits. Formidable bureaucratic controls including corruption choke a layman's inclination to run a legitimate business. Information to run business on statutory guidelines is lost in the maze of bureaucratic controls. Also, the cost to run a legitimate business is high due to taxes and other expenses. The problem is not isolated to tourism alone. It is faced by every industry. This has given rise to tightly regulated market where much of what is manufactured is consumed by the department itself. There is little scope for exports. For instance, in La Paz 70% of the sales was consumed within the city in the year 2000. So also in the cases of Santa Cruz and Cochabamba it was 74% and 51% respectively. Poor transport infrastructure is the main cause for the lack of exports by the firms to other regions. Figure 1 First of all, lack of political stability does not allow for big time investments. Then there is the tight bureaucratic control over formally establishing and maintaining tourist spots. Macroeconomic stabilization, trade

Service Industry in Context - T-Mobile Research Paper

Service Industry in Context - T-Mobile - Research Paper Example As of the recent times, the company has generated revenue of around 14.8 billion by the process of handling its operations with an employee strength of over 34,500 employees (Deutsche Telecom, 2012, p. 18). The company’s planning and strategy based operations are initiated from the US based headquarters which is located in the Bellevue area in Washington. Talking in terms of customer statistics, it can be said that the company offers it product and service offerings to around 33.3 million customers in the US, by using technology platforms like the GSM, UMTS etc (t- mobile.com – b, 2012). The well known and highly reputed global telecom company has a wide array of products and services that appeal to customers around the world. Talking in regards to the product portfolio offered by the globally reputed telecom company, the company manufactures and markets telecommunication devices of latest technology like the Smart phones, Windows phones as well as the smart phones of v arious well known global mobile companies. The company’s product offerings also comprises of various other technological devices like the tablets, headsets, mobile chargers etc (t- mobile.com – c, 2012). In the US, the company is a national level service provider whose service offerings for the US market comprises of various essential and useful telecommunication services like voice, wireless messaging as well as high speed data service. (t-mobile.com – d, 2012). The company’s service portfolio comprises of data communication plans for mobiles and computers, which are highly segmented to suit the individual needs of the customers on the basis of their consumption usage. The company also provides high speed data connectivity services like the Broadband services as well as 4G services to the customers located in the United States. In an attempt to provide a significant amount of value to the customers, it can be said that the company has also focused on the process of eliminating the charges of the mobile devices with regards to the data plans and thereby providing and promoting more transparency in the pricing plans of their services to the customers. Talking in terms of financial performance of the company in the recent times, it can be said that the company generated a revenue total of around $4.9 billion in the sales of telecommunication equipments in the third quarter of this year, which is an increase of around 6.4% while calculated on a year on year basis. The company also recorded revenue of around $4.3 billion in terms of total service revenue for the third quarter of this year. Talking in line with the average revenue per user (ARPU), it can be said that the company generated $27.35, which is an increase of over 12% on a year on year basis. The average revenue per user recorded an increase because of the significant rise in monthly 4G subscriptions by the customers. The company apart from providing a stellar performance in t erms of revenue generation in the third quarter of this year has focused on the process of developing the customer base of the company in a move to achieve significant operational efficiency of the company. As a result, the company has recorded

US foreign policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

US foreign policy - Essay Example This includes the search for peace and democracy where there is conflict and tyrannism. Most of these dealings have been good and the US deserves praise for this. However, a thorough examination of these actions reveals that the US and its foreign policy are guided by illusions. Dallek (78) lists them as, the power to transform the world from lawless and hostile to peaceful one/misguided faith in universalism, the need to shun appeasement or conciliatory talks with enemies and the belief in the effectiveness of military power to contain opponents. These illusions, especially its love affair with universalism, have made it almost impossible for the US to rethink and come up with productive ways of dealing with their foreign problems. This problem can be attributed the universal imperialist nature in the people who helped to shape the US foreign policy. Take Wilson and Bush for example. They both had similar perceptions of foreign nations as evidenced by their policies towards other countries. Evidence of universal imperialism among US leaders begun in 1918 with Wilson’s peace program, a rationalisation for its participation in war to terminate all wars and make the western part of the globe safe for democracy. Hellwig (261) explains that the Mexican revolution of 1910 unleashed great turbulence in North America and the US response, especially the response of President Wilson is subject to much studies and criticism. Wilson saw that the best way of dealing with Mexico was to invade them. He sent General Pershing and 10,000 US troops into the Mexico to fight and capture Mexico. Wilson was a strong defender of pacifism and America’s and this motivated the US involvement in the World War I. His foreign policy towards Mexico was based on an altruistic desire to impart on other nations the benefits of constitutional democracy. To others, this

Online Academic Book store Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

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Application 6.2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Application 6.2 - Assignment Example the university level, there was a consideration of a proposal to make alterations to the job designs of staff of the MSOD program (Cummings, Thomas, and Worley 116). The composition of the staff at MSOD program comprises of a faculty director, an administrative assistant and a program administrator. The main pint of focus of this application is on the roles and responsibilities of the Program Administrator of the MSOD program. The holder of the particular office is charged with the responsibility of recruitment of n students while conducting marketing for the said educational institution, the management of logistics delivery pertaining the off-site program, foreseeing the student registration process, managing the financial payment procedures of students and finally keeping close links with the MSOD alumni. Under the marketing docket, the Program administrator is supposed to work in collaboration with the Marketing Director and the Program Director to come up with clear cut initiatives for marketing such as advertisements, conference support an marketing and the designing an issuance of brochures during various exposures (Cummings, Thomas, and Worley 116). Moreover, the office is also charged with the overseeing of the recruitment process through explaining to the eligible cand idates on the modes of applications and the expectations. The functions of the Program administrator of the MSOD program was influenced by the increment of the tuition fees, the corporate policy on tuition reimbursement was restricted and the economy also played a difficult note for the program and its prospectus to suit (Cummings, Thomas, and Worley 116). The main reason as to why the institution had overtasked the Program Administrator was that it was trying to enrich the position through allocation of vital roles without the measurement of the magnitude and possible completion of the tasks allocated. The institution had tried creating of different but elated programs to increase its

ESBL positive Escherichia coli and Klebsiella interaction with human Literature review

ESBL positive Escherichia coli and Klebsiella interaction with human urothelial cells - Literature review Example Acute uncomplicated urinary infection occurs when it presents as acute cystitis (Rubin, Shapiro, Andriole, Davis, & Stamm, 1992). Individuals with acute cystitis may also have non-obstructive pyelonephritis. Asymptomatic bacterial infection also occurs, where a urine specimen will show the presence of infective bacteria, but no symptoms of the urinary tract infection are observed. The infection can be recurrent because the source of the infection is harboured within the urinary tract. Complicated urinary tract infections occur in individuals who have abnormalities in the genitourinary tract. In women, increased volume of residual urine, bladder diverticulitis, and cystoceles contribute to the recurrence of UTI. For older males, benign prostate hypertrophy with urethral obstruction, chronic bacterial prostatitis, and turbulent urine flow often lead to urinary tract infection. Urinary tract infection has also been found to be a function of genetic predisposition and higher frequency of abnormalities in genitourinary organs (Raz, et al., 2000). UTI is common in the elderly population. Aside from age-related genitourinary abnormalities, the increase in urinary infections in elderly population is attributed to the use of indwelling devices like catheters (Nicolle, 2001). Clinical manifestations of symptomatic UTI are bladder infection, irritation of lower tract including incontinence, dysuria, urgency to urinate, suprapubic pain, and fever (Bentley, Bradley, High, Schoenbaum, Taler, & Yoshikawa, 2000). In patients with indwelling catheters, symptoms could include costovertebral angle tenderness that is more associated with pyelonephritis and fever even when there are no genitourinary symptoms (Orr, et al., 1996). The symptoms are associated with trauma due to insertion of the device or the infection from several microorganisms of the biofilm coating the catheter surface. 1.2. Enterobacteriaceae Enterobacteriaceae are Gram-negative rods that mostly grow well at 37Â °C and are facultatively anaerobic, catalase-positive and oxidase-negative (Health Protection Agency, 2010). They are widely distributed in different habitats, and may be found in animals, plants, soil, and water. Several genera of Enterobacteriaceae are involved in the development of human diseases. Common genera include species of Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Morganella morganii, Proteus, Providencia, Salmonella, Serratia, Shigella and Yersinia (Health Protection Agency, 2010). 1.3. Escherichia coli The most important infective organism in UTI is Escherichia coli, but other Enterobacteriaceae species like Klebsiella, Citrobacter and Enterobacter also cause UTI. Proteus mirabilis, and Providencia stuartii and Morganella morganii, which are urease producers, are also common. Other species identified in patients with UTI are Pseudomonas aeruginosa, enterococci, group B streptococci and coagulase-negative staphylococci. Yeast strains Candida albicans, C. tropica lis, C. glabrata, and C. parapsilosis have also been isolated mostly from patients with indwelling catheters, and diabetes mellitus (Nicolle, Urinary tract pathogens in complicated urinary infecion and in the elderly, 2001). E. coli originating from an individual’s intestinal tract is the most common source of UTI (Russo & Johnson, 2003). In the United States alone, 6-8 million cases of uncomplicated cystitis and almost 130,000 sepsis cases are attributed to community-acquired UTIs due

Diseases and Conditions of the Endocrine System Essay Example for Free

Diseases and Conditions of the Endocrine System Essay Assignment: For each scenario that follows, explain how and why you would schedule an appointment or suggest a referral based on the patient’s reported symptoms. Be sure to first review the â€Å"Guidelines for Patient-Screening Exercises† found on page iii in the Introduction section of your Workbook. 1. A male patient calls for an appointment. He reports experiencing the sudden onset of excessive thirst and urination. He says that he is thirsty all the time and cannot seem to get enough to drink. How do you respond to this phone call? 2. A female patient calls the office and says she thinks she has swelling in her neck and is beginning to experience difficulty swallowing. How do you respond to this phone call? 3. An individual calls the office stating he is experiencing periods of rapid heartbeat and palpitations, insomnia, nervousness, and excitability. He states that despite excessive appetite and food ingestion, he is losing weight. How do you respond to this call? 4. A woman calls the office stating that her husband, who has been diagnosed with diabetes, is experiencing excessive thirst, nausea, drowsiness, and abdominal pain. She just noticed a fruity odor on his breath. She wants to know what to do. How do you respond to this call? 5. A patient calls the office saying she has started experiencing weight loss, excessive thirst, excessive hunger, and frequent urination. She also tells you her mother and aunt have diabetes. She says she just does not feel right. How do you respond to this call?

The number of international tourists arrival to Malaysia

The number of international tourists arrival to Malaysia Economic of Malaysia is growing rapidly in this few years; Malaysia has a lot of natural resources, such as tin, palm oil and rubber. Therefore, the natural resources can be the largest sources of income in Malaysia; it can help Gross Domestic Product (GDP) increasing and earning foreign exchange and tourism is the second largest sources income of foreign exchange. Tourism plays an important role for Malaysia. Tourism industry effects positively on the economy besides it can increase in foreign exchange earnings, would help promote new investments in the country, and it can increased the employment opportunities. In 1999, Malaysia tourism board has come out one campaign called Malaysia Truly Asia, it success to bringing in over 7.9 million of tourists into Malaysia and receipts around RM 12.3 billion revenue and the revenue and tourist arrival number are keep increasing year by year. According to Tourism Malaysia official website, their objective is to promote Malaysia as an outstanding tourist destination. They aim to showcase Malaysias unique wonders, attractions and cultures, develop domestic tourism and enhance Malaysias share of the market for meetings, incentives, conventions and exhibitions (MICE). Their ultimate goal is to increase the number of foreign tourists to Malaysia, extend the average length of their stay and increase Malaysias tourism revenue. (Tourism Malaysia Official Website, 2010) Malaysia government was also allocated amount of fund to tourism industry besides providing sufficient basic infrastructure. In 2006, tourism Malaysia received 30% more funding for advertising and other promotions in preparation for Visit Malaysia Year in 2007. The Malaysian government will spend RM1.8 billion under the Ninth Malaysian Plan (2006-2010), on upgrading tourist destinations and infrastructure, as well as on marketing promotions in major source markets. (Government Malaysia, 2006) Tourism can bring in a lot of foreign exchange and creating many job opportunity, therefore it play an important roles in Malaysia economy. Tourism must work with state government, regional and local community planning and the economic development. Economic impacts are also important in marketing and management decisions. According to 2005 data from World Tourism Organization (WTO), Malaysia places 14th in the ranking of counties either by international tourism arrivals. International tourism arrivals in Malaysia increased from 7.9 million in 1999 to 23.6 million in 2009, representing an average annual growth about 15.7 million and the growth of tourist receipts has been even more spectacular, rising from RM 12.3 billion in 1999 to RM 53.4 billion in 2009 with an annual growth about RM 41.1 billion (Malaysia Tourism Statistics, 2010). In 2010, Malaysias tourism is expected to generate RM 98 billion of economic activity. The industrys direct and indirect effect of travel and tourism in Malaysia in 2010 was expected to account for 37 billion of GDP (equivalent to 5.1% of total GDP) and 597,000 jobs (5.3% of total employment). However, since the tourism touches all the sectors of the economy, it bring a real impact is even greater. The travel and tourism sector generated RM 98 billion in economy GDP (equivalent to 13.4 of total GDP), export revenue, services and merchandise representing RM 89 billion (equivalent to 12.7% of total exports), economy employment representing 1,331,000 jobs (11.9% of total employment) and it making tourism in Malaysia is the second largest contributor of foreign exchange earnings to the country after the manufacturing sector. (WTTC, 2010) Problem Statements The problem is economy will bring many positive and negative impacts to tourism in Malaysia. When year 1997 and 2007, global economic crisis were happening, it affects all the industry, tourism also affected by it. During the crisis, everyone will faced financial problem therefore there are less people willing to travel, so that it will affect the tourist arrival in Malaysia. Due to financial crisis, in 1998 tourist arrival in Malaysia only has 5.8 million. The tourism industry will affected by the economic problem, once the economic conditions was bad, many tourism industry like hotel, travel agency and restaurant, they will cut cost for example, cut down manpower, some of the hotel and travel agencys private bus or car driver, tour leader and staff for cost saving, therefore in that financial crisis years many people losing their job. After the financial crisis in 1997, tourism Malaysia trying to increase the tourist arrival and receipts, therefore, in 1999 the financial condition in Asia are growing slowly, Malaysia tourism board come out one campaign Malaysia Truly Asia, is promote Malaysia to the world and attract more foreign tourists and encourage local people travel within Malaysia, promote inbound tourism and domestic tourism. In 2001, September 11terroism attacks issue was happen in America, there are less Europe tourists come to Asia country travel and do investment, on that period Malaysia economic will affect by that reason. Terrorism picks tourism as their target because tourism is one of the main resources from income and it has generated relationship which leads to political, social and economical issues. Nowadays, because of this financial crisis tourism has dropped with many foreign tourists are cutting their spending, and for business tourism, in order to cost cutting policies and have to reduced corporate travels to overseas to having their meeting, they using internet video conferencing and telephone conferences. Those small travel agencies company have feel to the decline in reservation and bookings, they need to cut down their manpower, if they havent to do so, the company will bankrupt or facing many debts they owing. Same with the hotels with low occupancies, they will ask their staff to work for lesser hours and will reduce their wages. Tourism plays an important role in Malaysias economic. The effects of global economic crisis reaches many countries that are cant imagine. Only when the global economy gains strength and gets the financial more stable it will have a better future for tourism industry in Malaysia. Research Objectives 1. To understand the positive and negative impacts of economic towards tourism in Malaysia. 2. Analyze how economic affect the tourism industry. 3. Understanding the tourist behaviour in spending during the travelling period. 4. To evaluate the economic impacts of changes in tourism demand. 5. To understand the development of economic on tourism in Malaysia. 6. Analyze how important that the economic for tourism industry. 7. To evaluate the economic impacts of changes in tourism supply. 1.4 Research Questions 1. What is economic impact? 2. What are the positive and negative impacts of economic to tourism? 3. What are the effects of the economic to tourism? 4. How much earnings of foreign exchange towards tourism? 5. Who get the benefits of the tourism? 1.5 Theoretical and Conceptual Framework 1.5.1 Theoretical Framework In this research will discuss about the economic impacts on tourism in Malaysia. Due to tourism is second largest sources income of foreign exchange, therefore economic can bring a lot of impacts to tourism industry. In addition, the tourism also will bring many impact to the economic, this both of the sectors must be related. Economic in Malaysia is relying on the natural resources and many investors come from other country, tourism can attract more investors to Malaysia. Besides that, tourism can increase the foreign exchange earnings, taxes revenue and create many job opportunities; it can help to decrease Malaysias unemployment rate. . Economic impacts have divided into positive and negative impacts to the tourism industry and local community. Positive impacts help the development of some rural area and local community, increasing the job opportunity and can change the living standard. Tourism industry involved to two types of sectors, which is direct tourism industry like hotel and restaurant the result can directly affect of the sectors and indirect tourism industry like manufacturing and supplier. Both of the sectors are important for tourism and economic, it can affect to the all parties in economic. Under Ninth Malaysia Plan, tourism industry has allocated around RM 1 billion to upgrade and create more facilities and infrastructure and for promoting funds, it really can helps the development of tourism industry. 1.5.2 Conceptual Framework Economic in Malaysia Tourism in Malaysia Direct Effects Economic Impact of Tourism Indirect Effects 1.6 Significance of the Study We need to know how important that economic for tourism industry. Tourism is one of the major industries in the world. In year 2010, the tourism economy contributes US$ 5,834.5 billion to global GDP, is around 9.3% of the total of global GDP. This is expected to growth to US $ 11,270 billion, is around 9.7% for the total of global GDP by 2020. The directly and indirectly industry supports over 235 million jobs in 2010 in global and the total is forecast to increase to just over 303 million in 2020. The global tourism investment is estimated at US$1,255.5 billion in 2010 and should reach US$2,722.3 billion by 2020. (WTTC, 2010) This all figure it means that the tourism is very important for economic, it helps the global economic gain strength in financial crisis and makes it more stable. International tourism can become a major foreign exchange earner for many low income countries like Cambodia, Indonesia, India and Africa. Many countries are trying to develop tourism sector and increase the number of incoming visitors because international tourism brings a lot of foreign exchange to the host country. In Malaysia, tourism was important to economic, it creates around 1,331,000 jobs in 2010, and it helps Malaysias job opportunities increasing and the tourism investment brings around RM 19.9 billion revenue in 2010, it should reach RM 49.8 billion in 2020. The economic impacts of tourism usually focus on the related tourism sectors that change in sales, income and employment. Besides that, this study is make us to know and understand that economic can influence many tourism industry, it affect the income of foreign exchange, gross domestic profit (GDP), and the job opportunities within the country. There are some primary tourism sectors like lodging, dining restaurant, transportations, and retail shops are affected directly by economic. 1.7 Scope and Limitation This study is about the impacts of economic that bring to tourism. This research focus more on how economic affects the tourism and will discuss the positive and negative impacts. This study will cover the spending behaviour of international tourist in Malaysia, tourism demand in Malaysia, and many aspects of the economic impacts of tourism in Malaysia and will related with many tourism sectors. In order to complete this study, all the information will be found in internet, newspapers, magazine and journals. Although, the information about the economy of tourism in Malaysia is very limited, the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) which is the forum of the business leaders in the travel and tourism industry through by this internet website can get a lot of information about the economic impact of tourism in Malaysia. CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Development of economic on tourism in Malaysia Before Malaysia independence in 1957, Malaysias economy is more focus in tin, rubber, and palm oil and petroleum products. On that period, tourism industry havent fully affects on Malaysia economy, but after independence, the Malaysia government has attention on develop of tourism industry, therefore on 1972 Malaysia government established Tourist Development Corporation of Malaysia (TDC), to the tourism developing programme. However, Malaysia government focus more on tourism industry on 1980s, because of the decrease in oil and world economic crisis. Tourism industry not only affects positively on economy also affect the increase foreign exchange earnings, taxes revenues and job opportunities on 1980s. Consequently, the government was established one more department called The Ministry of Culture, Arts and Tourism on 1987 and TDC has merged to this department become to the Ministry of Tourism in 2004. In order to encourage and improve private and local investment in tourism industry government was launched two types of funds to help the investors on 2001, which is Tourism Infrastructure Fund with allocation of RM 700 million and Special Fund for Tourism Infrastructure with allocation of RM 400 million. Nevertheless, in 2005 the government increase the Tourism Infrastructure funds to RM 1.2 billion. (Government Malaysia, 2006) In 1980, international tourist of arrivals in Malaysia only 2.3million and the receipts revenue were RM 7 billion but its increase year by year. In 1999, Malaysia Tourism board has launched one campaign call Malaysia Truly Asia; it is a program that promotes Malaysia to worldwide tourist. Due to this campaign, Malaysia receipts 7.9 million of international tourist arrivals in Malaysia and receipts around RM 12.3 billion revenue. Moreover, during year 2001 until 2005 there have many terrorism attacks issue and natural disaster occur, it affect the growth of tourism industry and economy in Malaysia, especially on year 2003 and year 2004 there have terrorism and SARS issue in that two years the economic and tourism industry in Malaysia was decline, therefore Tourism Malaysia was launched Visit Malaysia Year on 2007, its success to increase the international tourists arrivals numbers to 20.9 million and receipts around RM 46.1 billion revenue.( Tourism Malaysia Statistics, 2010). Figure 1, it shows that during year 2000 to 2009 international tourists arrivals to Malaysia and receipts, it increase year by year. In order to develop tourism in Malaysia, Tourism Malaysia was launched one campaign that can stimulate the economic in Malaysia. The campaign is called Malaysia My Second Home Programme (MM2H), which is promoted by the government of Malaysia, this programme is encourage and allow the foreigners come to Malaysia to invest and stay in Malaysia for long time. This programme bring a lot of foreign exchange and investors to Malaysia, it can helps the economy and increase the job opportunities in Malaysia. Besides that, Ministry of Tourism Malaysia work with many sectors to launch many programmes to helps the economy and tourism such as student tourism programme which attract more overseas student come to Malaysia having education once they come to Malaysia to study, there can earn more foreign exchange; this programme is collaboration with Minister of Education. Under the Ninth Malaysia Plan (2006-2010), because of the revenue of foreign exchange are keep growing and for maintain it government Malaysia will develop Malaysia as a main international tourist destination while will enhancing domestic tourism during 2006 to 2010. Besides that, under the Ninth Malaysia Plan one of the main programmes is the government will allocate RM 1 billion of an expenditure of improving access and facilities for tourist arrivals, upgrade and maintaining the public and tourist infrastructure and on some marketing campaigns in major source markets. On the other hand, government Malaysia started to develop Malaysia as a regional centre for health tourism, it can attract more and difference of investment and visitor come and Malaysia for travel and invest.(Government Malaysia, 2006) According to Tourism Minister Datuk Seri Ng Yan Yan saying that Tourism Malaysia is target to attract around 2.4 million of international tourist arrival to Malaysia in year 2010, and more focus in Middle East, China and India because these country they are more sufficient visibility and will promote and encourage them join the MM2H programme and invest in Malaysia. 2.2 Changes of Tourism Demand and Tourism Supply Nowadays, tourist behaviours are keeping changing therefore the tourism demand and tourism supply also need to change. Changes of the tourism supply may take to two forms; one is a quantity change which is the number of the new facilities, attraction and shopping complex or the expansions and contraction in capacity. Once the tourists increase, the demand also will increase therefore the quantity form must keep changing to satisfy and fulfil tourists demand like create more new facilities and infrastructure like airports and tourist attractions. Another form is quality changes, which is respect to the environment and the local infrastructure and public services that support to the tourism or the local tourism products and services. The environment and economic are keep changing and getting better, so that tourists demand and their aspects are getting higher, such as the quality of accommodation, food and beverage of the restaurant and satisfaction of the service. In spite of, fulfil tourists satisfaction all the infrastructure and services must be more standard. However, the changes of tourist demand is the tourists arrivals population changes, changes in the competitive position or marketing of the region and the changing of the consumers tastes and preferences, their shopping activity and the method of spending. The income will effect to the tourist expenditure, during the financial crisis period no matter is international tourist or domestic tourist their income are affected by the financial crisis therefore when they went to travel or shopping they wont spend too much and some of them are less to go travel and shopping. Other than that, the changes of demand also include the competitive, it also will affect the tourists arrival for Malaysia and it will directly affect the economic. Every year, many countries will launch out their own tourism year to attract international tourist to visit to their country and promote their country. Therefore, it will affect the number of tourists arrival. For understand more about the international tourist demand. The volume and the evolution of tourist flows are investigated by using the number of international tourist arrivals for the year of 2005 -2009. Figure 2, it show that the international tourist arrivals to the Malaysia during 2005-2009. In year 2005, there have 16.4 million of tourist arrivals to Malaysia, and year 2009 there have 23.6 million of tourist arrival to Malaysia it increase around 7.2 million. In that period, the number of arrivals are growing slowing due to there have many natural disaster occur and financial crisis. In year 2009, Malaysia receipts a lot of Asias tourist, therefore the tourist demand was changing. There are many Europe tourist is flow out to other country, so that in 2009 Europe tourist has decrease. In Table 1, it show that the importance of the Asia markets according to 2009 data on numbers of tourists arrivals. The major tourism market for Malaysia is focus on Asia Pacific; especially Singapore represents more than 50% of tourist arrivals, second is Indonesia represent around 12% of total Asias tourist arrivals. 2.3 Economic impacts of Tourism in Malaysia When discussing the economic impacts of tourism, will touch on how the economic affect the tourism and how the tourism industry influence the economic. In year 1997 to 2000, the global economic downturn, it serious to affect the tourism industry in Malaysia, in year 2000 the international tourist arrivals only get 10.2 million and receipt 17.8 billion of revenue. On that financial crisis period, many tourism industry were facing financial problem it is because the economy of that period is unstable, there are less people are going travel all around the world. The hotel and the travel agencies will facing cant get their room occupancy and less booking and reservations problem, so they need to cut down their manpower, and they offer their workers to work less hours and paying low salary or hire labour that from other country because their salary and wages is cheaper than local labour, therefore many local people losing their jobs. Due to economy downturn, there are less tourist come to Malaysia to travel, the foreign exchange earnings and tax revenue and job opportunities are decline and decrease. Once the local peoples income is affected, they will reduce to expend their money, it will influence many industries. According to Archer (1989) states that economic impact analysis is an economic approach used to measure inter alia the amount of income, government revenue, employment and imports generated in an economy by the direct and secondary effects of the tourist expenditure. Direct effects is the tourist paying and spending their money directly flow through the economy or the tourism sectors, for example, the tourist spent RM 1500 for lodging and this amount of money will directly affect the sales in the hotel sector, and the hotel will using this money to pay for labour wages and salary and paying various government taxes and charges. Secondary effect is the sales, and job resulting from the activity generated other companies or industry of the economic system because of the demand of the tourism industry. For example, the hotel need to buys cutlery and cooking material from supplier to deliver the services to their customers. The cutlery and cooking material supplier also need to buys raw materials and machinery from other industries, therefore the sales of the supplier and other industries, income and job opportunities is related and come from direct effect. On the other hand, tourism industry can contribute many foreign exchange, gross domestic product (GDP), government taxes revenue and job opportunities to Malaysia. Every year, Malaysia received many tourists that come from other country, once the tourist come to Malaysia to travel it will bring a lot of foreign exchange, increase Malaysias gross domestic product (GDP) and increase government taxes revenue. 2.4 Positive and negative impacts Once discuss about impact of certain issue, there have positive and negative impacts will be discussed. The positive and negative impacts are must related to the local community, because local community playing an important role in tourism and economic. Without local community, the tourism and economic cant get their target. Positive impacts: (1) Increasing the gross domestic product (GDP), increase foreign exchange earnings and increase government revenue like taxes collection Tourism can bring many foreign exchanges to Malaysia, and it also increases the gross domestic product within Malaysia. Once the foreign tourist come to Malaysia travel they will spend and they will pay the government taxes and charge while they staying in hotel or they went to shopping, it can increase the taxes and charges revenue of Malaysia. (2) Contribute and increase job opportunities Tourism can contribute a lot of job opportunities, once the economy growth the tourism sectors such as hotel, restaurant, theme park, travel agencies and etc, they will hire more workers to fulfil their requirements. Tourism is a more seasonal industry, because there have peak season and shoulder season in a year. When peak season, many tourism sectors will hire more workers or wants their workers work overtime and they will increase their wages and salaries. (3) Increase local community income and improving the living standard In some rural area and some place that is create as tourist attraction, therefore it will attract many tourist go to visit and travel. Tourism brings a lot of tourist to that place it helps the economy on that area more thriving and prosperous because once many tourists go there, the local community have a chance to earn money and satisfy the tourist demand. Once the local communitys income increase, their living standard also will improve. (4) Improves and increase investments, development and infrastructure Tourism not only can bring a lot of foreign exchange, it also can bring a lot of investment to Malaysia. There are many international hotel come to invest in Malaysia, they will invest to local hotel or open new hotel. It will attract more investors to come Malaysia to invest other industry, and it can increase Malaysias international investment. When there many tourist and investors come and visit Malaysia, they will using and evaluate the facilities and infrastructure, it will effect Malaysias goodwill. Therefore, government will develop and upgrade some of the facilities and infrastructure, it not only benefit to the tourist, and local community also will get the benefit of it. Negative impacts: (1) Inflation Tourism developments often generate inflationary effects on local economies relating to land, property and goods. The prices of goods, services, land and housing will increase because of the tourism. If all the prices of the goods and services are increasing but the local communitys income didnt increase, therefore their living standard will be affected. (2) Increases potential for imported labour Because of the tourism is a seasonal industry, there have peak season and low season in a year. Therefore, when in low season or on financial crisis many tourism sectors will hire labour that come from third country because their wages and salaries are cheap and lower than the local people. Nowadays, many restaurant, theme park and hotel are hiring many imported labour, so that it will affect local communitys job opportunities. (3) Leakage Leakage is means repatriation of profits generated from foreign capital investment or capital flight. A leakage will occurs is when the money will flow out to the economy of a region because a local consumer has purchased a product from an outside supplier. For example, if a theme park needs to buy a playing machine like roller coaster but it couldnt found in Malaysia, therefore they need to buy it from other country. Due to that kind of reason, there are many money will flow out to the country. Another reason is Tourism Malaysia need to promote Malaysia to all around the world, therefore they need to do promotion in overseas, and government will spend a lot of money to advertise in overseas, so that the money will goes to other country. CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 General Methodology This study will use quantitative analyse technique. Quantitative technique is suitable for researcher or hotelier to monitor customer satisfaction and estimate the growth of international tourist arrival, economic analysis, tourist demand and receipts on the local economy. (Shane Hall, 2010) For measure customers satisfaction of services or tourist demand will using satisfaction surveys to complete it. Other than satisfaction survey, also survey of tourist profile, which is to measure the tourist profile such as country of origin, length of stay and details of expenditure and etc. Those survey will printed on questionnaire form, will asking the tourist to rate the satisfaction of the services, their experience, the quality of accommodations or food and will ask the tourist come for which country, how much they willing to spend during the trip and income. 3.2 Research Design In this research will analyze the number of international tourists arrival to Malaysia, how it affects to economic. The dependant variables is the tourism demand, in this tourism demand is include the number of tourist arrivals, tourist expenditure and number of tourist nights. To measure the volume of the tourism is to use the number of tourist arrivals in Malaysia from other country. The number of tourist arrivals can clearly to show the demand for tourism. In this study, all the international tourists arrivals statistics is published by Ministry of Tourism Malaysia. Moreover, the independent variables are the tourist income, changes of employment and number of investment etc. 3.3 Sources of Data In this research all the data is using secondary data, which is the data is from Ministry of Tourism Malaysia. 3.3.1 Secondary Data All methods of data collection can supply quantitative data (numbers, statistics or financial) or qualitative data (usually words or text). Quantitative data may often be presented in tabular or graphical form. Secondary data is data that has already been collected by someone else for a different purpose to yours. For example, this could mean using: data collected by a hotel on its customers through its guest history system data supplied by a marketing organisation annual company reports government statistics. Surveysgo interview government, tourism board to get the data primary is something tat u will do for get ur own date secondary is date tat get from perious researcher 3.4 Sampling Technique 3.4.1 Respondents 3.5 Statistical Treatment of Data Measure customer satisfaction by using satisfaction surveys. A high level of customer satisfaction is an important outcome measure for hospitality-related businesses, such as hotels, restaurants, and resorts. Satisfaction surveys can be printed on a postcard-sized form with questions asking customers to rate their satisfaction with various aspects of their visit, such as quality of accommodations, food and service. The surveys can ask customers to rate their experience with a Likert scale of responses (e.g., excellent, good, fair, poor). These responses can be numerically coded in a spreadsheet and analyzed with frequency distributions and descriptive statistics. Estimate the impact of the hospitality and tourism industry by using input-output analysis. This matrix-based method of economic analysis shows how parts of a system are affected by changes in one part of a system. The hospitality industry consists of different sectors, including hotels, restaurants, resorts, convention facilities, airlines, and other sectors. Each of these sectors can be thought of as inputs that combine to produce a local or regional economic impact. Use longitudinal methods of analysis, such as time-series regression techniques, to analyze the hospitality industry over time. Managers of hospitality and tourism-related businesses are likely to encounter longitudinal data, such as sales figures over multiple years, average daily hotel rates compared to other hotels, restaurant and hotel sales figures over a number of years, or hotel occupancy rates. Regression, which analyzes the impact of one of more independent variables over an outcome (dependent variable) of interest, such as sales or occupancy rates, provides a useful technique of analysis.

Call Of The Wild :: essays research papers

Call of the Wild Jack London's thrilling epic tale of adventure and bravery, through the eyes of a part St. Bernard, part German Shepherd named Buck. Our story opens with the author describing the lifestyle of this pampered dog on the premises of his master's home, Judge Miller, in the Santa Clara valley. John London describes a particular gold rush that transpired in 1897 and it was named the Klondike gold rush. Very early in the story line, Buck is kidnapped by Manuel, one of the gardener's helpers, who's major weakness was gambling. Buck was sold to two men named Francois and Perrault. Buck was shipped to Alaska to serve as a sled dog during the Klondike gold rush. One of my favorite lines in the book is where John London writes; "Buck's first day ashore was like a nightmare." "Every hour was filled with shock and surprise." (Page 12) You can see that he is trying to convey how different his new life is now. Buck was placed among a pack of savage husky, wolf-l ike dogs. (Billie, Joe, Sol-leks, Dave, Spitz and Curly are just to name a few. After Buck had completed his wearisome labor his body had become feeble and weak. (Injuries also added to this dilemma later on.) The other savage animals that Buck is placed with, live by only one rule, the law of club and fang. Buck is placed in several predicaments where he must defend himself against the other savage animals and he is disciplined for it. Buck loved his 'master', John Thorton who saved Buck's life from Hal, Buck's master, prior to this event. Following his departure, Buck finds himself in the wild, trusting and depending on his primal instincts. Learning how to pursue his food is but one of the many milestones in the book that Buck must overcome. (Jack London describes how Buck hunted down a rabbit for food.

Database :: essays research papers

What is a Database?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A database is a software program arranged to collect, hold and process information. There are many software packages that help you handle information. However, what makes databases different is that once you enter the information into it, the database will operate the information in ways that allow you to analyze the data. It is designed in such a way as to make it easy to obtain precise pieces of data.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Databases are used in many applications, existing in almost the entire world of computer software. Databases are the preferred method of storage for large multiuser applications, where coordination between many users is needed. Even individual users find them convenient, though, and many e-mail programs and personal organizers are based on standard database technology. An employee data base is produced in a business in order to keep their vital information and do their payrolls. They do this in a way that they can have the access to each one of the employee’s information. This database is also used to prepare their federal and state taxes. Another example of a use of a database in business is in retail stores lke meijer, macy’s, etc.. These companies create a database of products with the products’ barcodes so that when a customer comes to the register to check out, with the help of the barcode scanner , the price data of that product is applied to the customers’s invoice. The website of the Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) which is http://www.fafsa.ed.gov is a greal example of use of a form for a database. Anybody who wants to apply for financial aid has to use this website and fill out the forms online.They can access their information and continue to work on their application where they left anytime. There are databases designed to manage the inventory. Most of them are called Inventory Management Control Databases. With these databases managers can track their inventory, they can have the knowledge of what they have on hand, how much more they need to order or when each of the product’s expiration date is due by either entering the products’ names or the products’ control numbers.

Progress and Innocence in One Hundred Year of Solitude Essay -- One Hu

Progress and Innocence in One Hundred Year of Solitude   Ã‚   One Hundred Year of Solitude by Gabriel Garcia-Marquez projects itself among the most famous and ambitious works in the history of literature. Epic in scope,  Marquez weaves autobiography, allegory and historical allusion to create a surprisingly coherent story line about his forebears, his descendants and ours. It has been said that there are only about 18 or so themes that describe the human condition. This quote was made in reference to Shakespeare, and posited that all of the books and movies that we digest and assimilate can be shown to have their roots in these canonical themes. In Cien Anos, Marquez addresses several of these themes in the subtle and interlocking ways that they deserve. This paper will concentrate on two interrelated themes: progress and innocence. In its exploration of these concerns, this novel provides no less than a rendering of the trajectory of human evolution. Loss of innocence is a time-worn theme in the literature of every culture. It traditionally takes the form of some type of epiphany visited upon an unsophisticated character as she grows up and encounters the larger world. The focus of this theme is normally personal, in the point of view of an individual, or the omnipotent third person account of the reaction of an individual. While this aspect can be found in the novel, it additionally explores the loss of innocence of a family, people or race, called estirpe in the original edition. In the Western sensibility, the march of progress is normally deemed positive and inevitable. In recent Western history, from the Middle Ages forward, successive improvements in the spread of knowledge, dissemination of culture, and the av... ...s of Solitude." In McGuirk and Cardwell, 65-79. Griffin, Clive. "The Humour of One Hundred Years of Solitude." In McGuirk and Cardwell, 81-94. James, Regina. Gabriel Garcia Marquez: Revolutions in Wonderland. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1981. McGuirk, Bernard and Richard Cardwell, edd. Gabriel Garcia Marquez: New Readings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987). Martin, Gerald. "On 'magical' and social realism in Garcia Marquez." In McGuirk and Cardwell, 95-116. Williams, Raymond L. Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Boston: Twayne, 1984. Williamson, Edwin. "Magical Realism and the Theme of Incest in One Hundred Years of Solitude." In McGuirk and Cardwell. 45-63. Wood, Michael. "Review of One Hundred Years of Solitude." In Critical Essays on Gabriel Garcia Marquez. McMurray, George R., ed. Boston: G. K. Hall, 1987.      

Burqas Should Not Be Banned

Religion and Society Article Assignment. Articles used – 3A and 3B. The Burqa. Sylvie Maclean. A Burqa is an article of clothing that is generally considered as a religious statement. The Burqa consists of full robes and a mesh veil over the eyes. There are other options of robes that can be worn including the Hijab and the Niqab, where the eyes remain uncovered. According to come interpretations of the Islamic sacred text – the Koran (Qur’an) – women must wear a full veil in order to be modest. Many Muslims wear the Burqa because it is symbolises and is a part of their spiritual journey, so they wear it by choice.While others wear the Burqa because they believe they have to, as it is one of the commandments of god to dress modestly. There are many Muslims who choose not to wear the Burqa at all. They may opt for a simple headscarf and normal clothing; they also can wear the Hijab or Niqab. But then again there are many Muslims who choose to dress in norma l clothes, therefore bringing no attention to their religion. Not wearing the headscarf or robes does not make a person any more religious, nor does wearing the Burqa make someone more religious than another Muslim who is not wearing any religious clothing at all.Just through reading articles A and B, we see that there is a lot of controversy involved in this topic, and something I would like to address is how we have the right to tell others how to dress when their clothing choice brings no harm upon us and is a completely individual and personal choice. Image Source: http://www. hopeitw. com/knowledge/abaya-niqab-burqachadordupatta-hijab/#sthash. OXN8dy8O. dpbs Image Source: http://www. hopeitw. com/knowledge/abaya-niqab-burqachadordupatta-hijab/#sthash. OXN8dy8O. dpbs Throughout article A ‘Why I’m proud to wear the Burqa’ we see examples of the controversies over the banning in France.The author – Oumkheyr – is a Muslim woman who wears the full B urqa by choice, and is being strongly threatened by the French Government where a ban of Burqas may soon be implemented. Oumkheyr says â€Å"I really believe that France is scared of Muslims, which is the motivation for this law, but people shouldn't generalize as not all Muslims are the same. Yes, some have done terrible things, but it is done in the name of man, never in the name of God. † But, although in the Koran there are verses that say some hateful things like â€Å"slay them wherever you catch them† (Quran 2:191), these quotes are taken completely out of context.The rest of that particular quote is as follows â€Å"fight in the cause of God those who fight you, but do not transgress limits; for God loves not transgressors. And slay them wherever you catch them, and turn them out from where they have turned you out; for tumult and oppression are worse than slaughter†¦ But if they cease, God is Oft-forgiving, Most Merciful†¦ If they cease, let there b e no hostility except to those who practice oppression† (2:190-193). The Koran gives messages of hope, faith and peace.It’s easy to take something out of context and quote it, but it means that what was originally being said loses all meaning. Linking back to the Burqa ban, maybe the French government would stop being so scared of muslims if someone actually bothered to read the full quote. Oumkheyr makes some very strong points in her article, that everyone should take into consideration when deciding their personal opinion of the Burqa ban proposal. The second article, ‘The Burqa is a war on women’ addresses the reasoning for a ban. The author – Virginia Haussegger – has successfully outlined the views of many non-muslims.Within the first two lines Ms Haussegger has already accused the Burqa of subjectifying women, and stated that the reason for wearing the Burqa is what ‘God Demands’. What the author doesn’t seem to real ise is that for the majority of muslims, wearing the Burqa is a personal choice, and most say they don’t think it is a ‘demand’ as such, but more of a way to become more in touch with god and the rest of their religion. Some Islamic tectsstate that women should dress modestly, but wearing the Burqa is the individuals’ decision, and it reflects on the individuals’ values and beliefs about the word ‘modesty’.This article brings up many points about equality. Saying that while ‘men roam free while women wear a sackcloth that dehumanises them. Although it is true that Muslim men do not walk around shrouded head to toe, this is for a reason that Haussegger seems to have forgotten: women’s bodies are constantly being subjectified and having their bodies sexualized, and men are not. Although this is not necersarily the ‘politically correct’ thing to say, it is the truth, and wearing the Burqa is a way for this to stop .The author does have some very valid points on the subject of actual legitimacy of the commandment about the Burqa, but even if the Koran does not state ‘Women must cover their face and bodies to hide from public view’, the Burqa, Hijab, and Niqab are just clothes. By reading these articles it is clear to see that both authors are fighting for the rights of Muslim women. Although Virginia Haussegger clearly believes that by wearing the Burqa women are being further objectified, both authors agree that what we wear is our choice and no one elses.Muslims live by their holy text and if the individual interprets its commandments to believe that to be a good muslim you must wear the burqa, then that it their choice, and freedom of choice is a human right that we should all have. What Haussegger sadly doesn’t appear to understand is that no matter how a Muslim chooses to dress, their beliefs are the same and they are living by the same god, so banning one article of c lothing cannot change how the individual will behave.My opinion on the Burqa is that although the outfit may be somewhat demeaning, it is a personal choice that I will never fully understand. Now that I have done further research into the topic I understand the choices and decisions that are made when the Burqa is concerned, and I am definitely more open to other people’s opinions. I think it is completely unreasonable for non-muslims to call a ban on the Burqa as it is a human right that we are free to express ourselves however we see fit, and if this is how some Muslims choose to express their religion, then good for them.Form| Title| URL| Date accessed| Article| Should Burqas Be Banned? | http://middleeast. about. com/u/ua/religionsectarianism/burqa-hijab-ban. htm| 14/03/2013| Book| Islam beliefs and teachings| Written by Ghulam Sarwar| 20/03/2013| Article| We too should ban the Burqa| http://www. telegraph. co. uk/comment/columnists/allison-pearson/8449101/We-too-should-b an-the-burka. html| 23/03/2013| Article| Europe must not ban the burka| http://www. guardian. co. uk/commentisfree/2010/mar/08/europe-ban-burqa-veil|

Edhec Family Business Essay

There are a few EDHEC Global MBA participants who decided to study in this program to search for better understanding of business disciplines in order to improve their quality as managers with the main goal of returning to their countries and continue their family business. Family business can be very large, a big example is Walmart that even after 43 years and being the third largest company in the world, the Walton family still owns 48% of the stake. However, most cases of family business still relate to medium or smaller sizes. The good thing about a family business is that it has a strong sense of commitment and honor from the members. Family businesses are more likely to last because there will always be an effort on the part of the family members not to let it die or fade related to their inner values. Brazilian candidate, Andressa Lass Santos provides us with her testimony on her family business case: â€Å"The EDHEC MBA program has been helping me gain a broader perspective in relation to several business facets such as leadership, accounting, management, studying the local economy and the industry and how to combine them all in a strategic manner. Every class has been helping me come up with ideas and is making me notice flaws that I had never perceived before, as well as areas where there are room for improvements in my family business. My father started a construction company and asphalt plant 25 years ago in Curitiba, Brazil. He is an engineer and agrees with me that if I gain more management skills it would be very useful for the company, since he has little time to invest in that, and in fact he is beginning to think to step out of the picture and work more as a counselor. As each single class goes by, I learn something new and try to think how to implement in our family business. My ideas arise from the hiring process, motivations of the employees until thinking globally of macroeconomics and strategically trying to apply how we could possibly expand our business or even find new ideas related to it, such as maybe starting another business or company that could support the construction company. For that reason I will choose the Entrepreneurship track in the MBA program, I believe it is the track that I will most benefit from when thinking about my family business and how we want to expand it. †

Gender Identity Paper Essay

Since the middle of the 20th century, psychologists, physiologists and medical professionals have been increasingly interested in the ways hormones impacted human behaviors. The dramatic progress which scientists had been able to make was due to extensive knowledge of pharmacology and chemistry, which could be used to study neural events that came as a result of hormonal activity in humans. Hormonal influences on humans were harder to document than those on other species, due to the fact that researchers could not perform laboratory studies with the use of placebo (Hines, Brooks & Conrad, 2004). Thus, the current information with regard to human sexuality and gender identity was mostly obtained from other studies, including the studies of abnormal hormonal activity in patients with genetic disorders. Pfaff, Philips and Rubin (2004) write, that â€Å"hormone / behavior relations always serve either homeostasis or reproduction†. A whole set of hormones works to maintain weight, temperature, and fluid balance in human organism. Hormones impact human responses to stress and pain, but hormonal influences are not limited to common behavioral reactions. Hormones are directly and indirectly linked to gender identification, and although relationships between human sexuality and hormones leave much room for further research, professionals are confident that hormones are the critical factors of gender identification in humans. From the viewpoint of physiology, mammals are usually divided into the two large (male and female) gender categories. The formation of one’s gender begins at chromosomal level. For the majority of mammals, the homogametic sex is female, and if not influenced by male hormones, a phenotypic female with XX chromosomal pattern develops. In the presence of the Y chromosome however, a locally acting protein transforms gonads into testes, which produce numerous peptide hormones, androgens, and determine masculine gender differentiation (Gallagher, Nelson & Weiner, 2003). Testosterone predetermines the development of external genitalia in boys; androgenic receptors and 5-alpha-reductase which are present in all females, may also lead to masculinization of female genitalia. Apart from impacting gender identity, hormones are directly responsible for a whole set of behavioral responses. Hormones work in ways that facilitate processing of sensory information in humans. â€Å"Females have generally greater sensitivity for chemosensory stimuli. [†¦] This sensitivity is further enhanced by increased periovulatory estrogen concentrations† (Gallagher, Nelson & Weiner, 2003). Given that hormonal impulses in men are different from those in women, men lack this kind of responsiveness, which is also suggestive of the positive relationship between hormones and human behavior. Extensive research of genetic disorders and sexual differentiation suggests that the formation of one’s sexual identity is also influenced by factors other than hormones. Social environment and psychological traditions may produce irreversible impacts on one’s gender identification. These influences are particularly visible in humans with physiological pathologies and genetic disorders, which lead to phallic inadequacy or absence. In the study by Reiner and Gearhart (2004), out of sixteen subjects with diagnosed genetic disorders fourteen had been raised as females. Later, under the impact of physiological changes only eight of them changed their roles to males, with the rest spending their lives as females. These findings prove that identity is influenced by the whole complex of hormonal and environmental factors; and researchers are still unable to determine, which of these factors produces the critical impact on gender differentiation in humans. The truth is that neither behavioral, nor psychological or hormonal factors can be held responsible for sexual differentiation in humans. In reality, â€Å"human differentiation is the result of a series of genetic and hormonal events that influence the development of the internal and external genitalia† (Sytsma, 2006). Whether gender identity is impacted by hormonal or environmental factors is not always clear, but it is clear that there is a whole continuum of gender experiences between female and male genders; and how humans identify themselves in this gender continuum will depend on the whole set of genetic and hormonal influences, as well as the external environment in which humans are raised. Conclusion For years and decades researchers believed that hormones were the critical factors determining gender identity in humans. With the extensive knowledge of genetic and sexual disorders, researchers have gradually come to realize the role, which environmental and psychological factors played in one’s sex differentiation. Neither hormones nor biological or psychological factors can be held responsible for the development of gender identity in humans; rather, a whole complex of genetic and hormonal influences will determine the paths of gender formation and differentiation in all human subjects. References Gallagher, M. , Nelson, R. J. & Weiner, I. B. (2003). Biological psychology. John Wiley and Sons. Hines, M. , Brook, C. & Conway, G. S. (2004). Androgen and psychosexual development: core gender identity, sexual orientation, and recalled childhood gender role behavior in women and men with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia. Journal of Sex Research, 41(1): 75-81. Pfaff, D. W. , Phillips, M. I. & Rubin, R. T. (2004). Principles of hormone behavior relations. Academic Press. Reiner, W. G. & Gearhart, J. P. (2004). Discordant sexual identity in some genetic males with cloacal exstrophy assigned to female sex at birth. The New England Journal of Medicine, 350 (4): 333-341. Sytsma, S. E. (2006). Ethics and intersex. Springer.

Discussing Foot Reflexology Among Elderly Health And Social Care Essay

This chapter deals with the treatment of the informations analyzed based on the aim and hypothesis of the survey. The job stated is â€Å" An experimental survey to measure the effectivity of foot reflexology among aged people † . The treatment was based on the aims of the survey and the hypothesis specified in the survey. With regard of demographic features of the sample in of experimental group, the bulk 10 ( 33.33 % ) of aged people belong to the age group of 66-70yrs and 17 ( 56.67 % ) of the aged people were male,8 ( 26.67 % ) of them were illiterate, 11 ( 36.67 % ) of them were from Christians faith, 9 ( 30 % ) of them were divorced,12 ( 40 % ) of them were sedentary workers, 9 ( 30 % ) of them are gaining less than 1000 rupees and 3000-5000 rupees per month. There by 12 ( 40 % ) were populating in the urban country. With respect of demographic features of the sample in control group, the bulk 9 ( 30 % ) of the aged people were from the age of 71-75yrs, 16 ( 53.33 % ) of the aged people were male 11 ( 36.66 % ) of them were completed their, primary instruction. 11 ( 36.67 % ) of them were from Hindu religion,12 ( 40 % ) of them were married,13 ( 43.33 % ) of them were heavy workers, 9 ( 30 % ) of them are gaining less than 1000 rupees per month and 14 ( 46.67 % ) were populating in the semi urban country.The first aim was to measure and compare the pre and station trial degree of psychological well being among experimental group.The analysis of pre intercession degree of psychological well being of experimental group revealed that the bulk 15 ( 50 % ) were non good. The analysis of station intercession degree of psychological well being of experimental group revealed that the bulk 20 ( 66.66 % ) of them sing moderate degree of psychological well being. The experimental group showed a average value of 3.4 with standard divergence of 0.66 in pre assessment degree and a mean of 1.83 with standard divergence of 0.67 in station appraisal degree. The deliberate ‘t ‘ value was 13.7 which showed a important difference between the pre and station trial degree of psychological well being among experimental group of aged at P & lt ; 0.05 degree. Hence the research hypothesis stated H1 denotes that †there is a important difference in pre and station trial degree of psychological well being among aged people of experimental group † was retained at P & lt ; 0.05 degree. Kim, Hyang & A ; Hye Gyung ( 2002 ) assessed the effects of pes Reflex Therapy on Health Status of Institutionalized seniors utilizing a quasi-experimental design. Pre and post-experiment steps were compared. Institutional seniors were selected as the experimental group and 15 as the control group. Foot automatic therapy was performed to the pess of seniors in the experimental group for 30 proceedingss twice a hebdomad for a month a sum of 8 times. The effects of pes reflexology on physical wellness such as systolic/diastolic force per unit area, pulse rate, respiration rate, musculus endurance, legerity, and psychological wellness such as perceptual experience of wellness position, perceptual experience of hurting, sleep form and religious wellness such as quality of life of institutionalised seniors were evaluated. The informations were analyzed utilizing SPSS + Personal computer 10.1for window with frequences, agencies and standard divergences, Chi-square trial and t-test. The sur vey provided support that pes automatic therapy for seniors promotes positive physiological responses, psychological wellness and quality of life. From this consequence it can be concluded that pes automatic therapy is effectual as a intercession for wellness publicity in seniors.The 2nd aim was to measure and compare the pre and station trial degree of psychological well being of the aged people among control group.The analysis of pre intercession degree of psychological well being revealed that the bulk of aged people in control group holding 15 ( 50 % ) were mildly good. The analysis of station intercession degree of psychological well being revealed that the bulk of 16 ( 53.33 % ) of the aged people in control group were mildly good. The control group showed a average value 3.23 with a standard divergence of 0.67 in pre assessment degree and a average value of 3.46 with a standard divergence of 0.66 in station appraisal degree. The calculated't ‘ value was 0.92 which showed that there is no important difference in the pre and station assessment degree of psychological well being in control group. Hence the research hypothesis stated H2 denotes that there is a important difference between the pre trial and station trial degree of psychological wellbeing among aged in control group was rejected at P & lt ; 0.05 degree.The 3rd aim was to compare the pre trial degree of psychological well being between experimental and control group of aged people.The experimental group showed a average value of 3.4 with standard divergence of 0.66 in pre assessment degree and the control group showed a average value 3.23 with a standard divergence of 0.67 in pre assessment degree. The deliberate ‘t ‘ value was 0.67 which showed that there was a no important difference between the pre and station trial degree of psychological well being of the experimental and control group at P & lt ; 0.05 degree. Hence the research hypothesis stated earlier that H3 denotes â€Å" there is a important difference between pre trial degree of psychological well being among experimental and control group of aged people was rejected at P & lt ; 0.05 † degree.The 4th aim was to compare the station trial degree of psychological well being between experimental and control group of aged people.The experimental group showed a mean of 1.83 with standard divergence of 0.67 in station appraisal degree and the control group showed a average value of 3.46 with a standard divergence of 0.66 in station appraisal degree. The calculated't ‘ value was 7.98 which showed a important difference on the station trial degree of psychological well being between experimental and control group. This revealed that the degree of psychological well being in station trial degree in experimental group is enhanced than the control group. Hence the research hypothesis stated earlier that H4 denotes â€Å" there is a important difference between station trial degrees of psychological well being among experimental and control group of aged people was retained at P & lt ; 0.05 degree. Williamson, White, Hart & A ; Ernst ( 2004 ) did a randomized controlled test of reflexology for menopausal symptoms for Seventy-six adult females, aged between 45 and 60 old ages by utilizing the Women ‘s Health Questionnaire ( WHQ ) , the primary steps being the bomber scores for anxiousness and depression. Severity ( ocular parallel graduated table, VAS ) and frequence of flowers and dark workout suits Women were randomized to have nine Sessionss of either reflexology or nonspecific pes massage ( control ) by four qualified reflexologists. Mean ( SD ) scores for anxiousness fell from 0.43 ( 0.29 ) to 0.22 ( 0.25 ) in the reflexology group and from 0.37 ( 0.27 ) to 0.27 ( 0.29 ) in the control group over the class of intervention. Mean ( SD ) scores for depression fell from 0.37 ( 0.25 ) to 0.20 ( 0.24 ) in the reflexology group and from 0.36 ( 0.23 ) to 0.20 ( 0.21 ) in the control ( foot massage ) group over the same period. For both tonss there was strong grounds of a clip consequence ( P & lt ; 0.001 ) but no grounds of a time-group interaction ( P & gt ; 0.2 ) .The research worker concluded that pes reflexology was effectual in cut downing the menopausal symptoms like depression and anxiousness.The 5th aim was to tie in the pre trial degree of psychological well being among experimental group and control group of aged people with selected demographic variables:Association of pre assessment degree of psychological well being with demographic variables done utilizing chi-square trial. Data findings revealed that there was statistically important association in the pre trial degrees of psychological well being in experimental group merely with their age, educational position and faith. And besides the informations findings revealed that there was important association in the pre trial degrees of psychological well being of the control group merely with their age. Hence the research hypothesis H5 stated denotes that â€Å" there is a important association of pre trial degree of psychological wellbeing among experimental group and control group of elderly selected demographic variables was partly retained at P & lt ; 0.05 degree.The 6th aim was to tie in the station trial degree of psychological well being among experimental group and control group of aged people with selected demographic variables:Association of station assessment degree of psychological well being with demographic variables done utilizing chi-square trial. Data findings revealed that there was a important association in the station trial degrees of psychological well being of the experimental group with their matrimonial position. And besides the informations findings revealed that there was no statistically important association of station assessment degree of psychological well being in control group with their selected demographic variables. Hence the research hypothesis H6 stated denotes â€Å" there is a important association of station trial degree of psychological wellbeing among experimental group and control group of elderly selected demographic variables at was denied P & lt ; 0.05 degree.